Radiological review of rhinocerebral mucormycosis cases during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A single-center experience

Table 1 Table showing the demographic data and findings of the patients under study

Serial No.	Age	Sex	Co-morbidities	Primary location	Cerebral involvement	Orbital involvement	Involvement of neck spaces
1	34	Male	Acute myeloid leukemia	Right nasal cavity, Right ethmoid, Sphenoid	ICA thrombosis, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Leptomeningeal enhancement	No	Right pterygopalatine, Right infra temporal, Bilateral parapharangeal, Retropharyngeal space
2	64	Male	Renal transplant	Pan sinusitis	> Meningoencephalitis, > infiltration into left basifrontal and gangliocapsular region along olfactory fossa	Extra ocular muscles, Orbital cellulitis	No
3	72	Male	Diabetes	Left maxillary, Ethmoid, Frontal, Sphenoid	Ganglio-capsular infarctcavernous sinus thrombosis	Retro- orbitalfat and extra ocular muscles and orbital apex	No
4	50	Male	No	Right maxillary	Cavernous sinus, Subdural abscess	Orbital apex, Orbital abscess	Temporal, pterygopalatine, masticator space
5	40	Male	Post renal transplant	Pan sinus	Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Temporal lobe involvement	Extra conal extension, Right extra ocular muscles, Orbital floor	Infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine
6	45	Male	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	Frontal	ICA thrombosis cavernous sinus thrombosis, Cerebral infarct epidural abscess	Left orbit, Extra ocular muscles	Left pterygopalatine
7	67F	Female	Diabetes	Pan-sinus	Basifrontal brain parenchyma involvement, meningoencephalitis	Orbital apex, extra ocular muscles Subperiosteal abscess	Right infra temporal fossa, retropharyngeal space
8	75	Male	Diabetes	Pan-sinusitis	No cerebral involvement	Extraconal fat involvement	No
9	22	Male	ALL	Right maxillary sinus	ICA thrombosis, Cavernous sinus involvement, Cerebral infarct	Extra ocular muscle, Orbital apex, Subperiosteal abscess	Right Infratemporal fossa, Right pterygopalatine fossa
10	50	Male	Diabetes	Left maxillary sinus	No cerebral involvement	Left extraconal space	No
11	50	Male	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	Pan sinusitis	Cavernous sinus, Epidural abscess	Orbital Apex, Extra ocular muscles involvement, Subperiosteal abscess	Pterygopalatine fossa
12	40	Male	Kidney transplant	Frontal, Ethmoid, sphenoid	ICA thrombosis, Temporal lobe abscess	Orbital apex, Extra ocular muscles, Subperiosteal abscess, Cellulitis	No
13	21	Female	Acute lymphocytic leukemia	Right maxillary sinus and nasal cavity	ICA thrombosis, Frontal lobe abscess, Infarct	Extra ocular muscles, Intraconal fat	Pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa
14	64	Male	Diabetes	Pan sinusitis	Cavernous sinus, Subdural abscess	Orbital apex, Extraocular muscles, Subperiosteal abscess	No
15	48	Male	No	Pan sinusitis	Cavernous sinus, ICA thrombosis	Orbital apex, Extra ocular muscles, Orbital abscess	Pterygopalatine fossa, Infra temporal fossa
16	68	Male	Diabetes	Pan sinusitis	Not involved	Extraconal fat	Pterygopalatine fossa
17	57	Male	Diabetes	Pan sinusitis	Subdural abscess	Extraconal orbital fat, Extra ocular muscles, Orbital cellulitis	Infratemporal fossa
18	71	Male	Diabetes	Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Nasal cavity	Frontal lobe	Orbital apex, Extra ocular muscles	Para pharyngeal space, Pterygopalatine fossa
19	48	Male	No	Right pan sinusitis, Nasal cavity	Frontal lobe, Cavernous sinus	Extraconal fat, extra ocular muscles	No
20	37	Male	Lymphoma	Right sinusitis	Not involved	Extraconal orbital fat	No

ICA: Internal carotid artery.

Table 2 Table showing the summary of central nervous system involvement, orbital involvement and neck space involvement

Complication/local invasion	N = 20
Cerebral	16/20
Arterial involvement (ICA thrombosis)	6
Cavernous sinus thrombosis	10
Brain Parenchymal involvement	11
Meninges and Dural/epidural involvement	7
Orbit	18/20
Extraocular muscles	14
Orbital apex	9
Orbital fat only/orbital cellulitis/abscess	16
Neck spaces	12/20
Pterygopalatine foramen and fossa	10
Infratemporal fossa	8
Masticator space	2
Retropharyngeal space	2
Parapharyngeal space	2

ICA: Internal carotid artery.