Extravascular findings during upper limb computed tomographic angiography focusing on undiagnosed malignancy

Table 1 A total of 13 category A extravascular incidental findings (immediate clinical significance) were identified

Region	EVIF	Number of cases
Chest	Lung nodule > 1 cm	4
	Breast nodule	1
	Mediastinal lymphadenopathy	1
	Oesophageal wall thickening	1
	Pleural effusion	1
Abdomen/pelvis	Ascites	3

EVIF: Extravascular incidental finding.

Table 2 Details of the follow-up for the six patients with suspicious incidental findings

Incidental finding	Follow-up imaging study	Diagnosis
Multiple pulmonary nodules and sclerotic bone lesions	Plain film radiography of hip, femur, knee, CT TAP (staging)	Metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (new lung and bone lesions)
Pulmonary nodule (> 1 cm) with hilar lymph node enlargement	CT TAP (staging)	Lung adenocarcinoma (index diagnosis)
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (prior breast cancer)	CT TAP (staging), CT-guided lymph node biopsy	Metastatic breast cancer (recurrence of primary cancer)
Breast nodule (prior breast cancer)	Breast ultrasound (recommended)	Follow up imaging unavailable
Multiple lung nodules	CT TAP (staging)	Metastatic prostate cancer (new lung lesions)
Lung nodule	CT TAP (staging)	Metastatic prostate cancer (new lung lesions)

CT: Computer tomography.

Table 3 Category B lesions (indeterminate but most likely benign) accounted for 50 extravascular incidental findings

Region	EVIF	Number of cases
Chest	Lung nodule (> 4, < 10 mm)	2
	Lung lobar atelectasis	1
	Pleural thickening	1
Abdomen/pelvis	Prominent lymph nodes (≤ 1 cm)	13
	Hiatal hernia	5
	Enlarged prostate gland	3
	Adrenal hyperplasia	2
	Renal infarct	1
	Urinary bladder wall thickening	1
	CBD dilatation	1
	Gallbladder distension	1
	Intrahepatic biliary duct dilatation	1
	Prostatic calcification	1
	Inguinal hernia	1
Musculoskeletal	Sclerotic bone lesions	5
	Pectoralis major atrophy	1
	Spinal stenosis	1
	Spondylolisthesis	1
	Spinal scoliosis	1
Head/neck	Thyroid nodule	1
	Prominent lymph nodes (≤ 1 cm)	6

EVIF: Extravascular incidental findings.

Table 4 Category C abnormalities (lesions of no clinical significance) accounted for 91 extravascular incidental findings

Region	EVIF	Number of cases
Chest	Interstitial lung disease	11
	Emphysema	8
	Pulmonary consolidation	5
	Pleural calcification	3
	Pneumatocele	3
	Bronchiectasis	1
	Pulmonary nodule < 4 mm	1
Abdomen/pelvis	Renal cyst	12
	Diverticular disease	10
	Cholecystolithiasis	6
	Atrophic kidney	5
	Focal liver fat sparing	4
	Hepatic cyst	4
	Fatty infiltration of the liver	3
	Adrenal lipoma	2
	Atrophic pancreas	1
	Calcified uterine fibroid	1
	Omental fat stranding	1
	Renal scar	1
	Splenic cyst	1
	Scrotal hydrocele	1
	Groin sinus tract	1
Musculoskeletal	Clavicle fracture (old)	1
	Pelvic fracture (old)	1
	Humeral head fracture (old)	1
	Generalised osteopenia (humeral head)	1
Head/neck	Thyroid goitre	1
	Paranasal sinus mucocele	1

EVIF: Extravascular incidental finding.