Susceptibility weighted imaging: Clinical applications and future directions

Table 1 Susceptibility weighted imaging sequence parameters for 1.5 T Siemens Magnetom Avanto syngo magnet

Slab group 1
Slabs	1
Dist. factor	20%
Position	L0.0 A16.0 H37.8
Orientation	T > C-6.9
Phase enc. dir.	R >> L
Rotation	90.00 deg
Phase oversampling	0%
Slibe oversampling	23.10%
Slices per slab	104
FoV read	230 mm
FoV phase	75%
Slice thickness	1.50 mm
TR	28 ms
TE	20.00 ms
Averages	1
Concatenations	1
Filter	Prescan normalize
Matrix size	256 × 256
TA	4.44
PAT	2
Voxel size	1.0 mm × 0.9 mm × 1.5 mm
Flip angle	15 deg
Dimension	3D
Bandwidth	120 Hz/Px
Slice resolution	100%
Coil elements	HE1-4

Table 2 Susceptibility weighted imaging sequence parameters for 3 T Siemens Magnetom TrioTim syngo magnet

Slab group 1
Slabs	1
Dist. factor	20%
Position	L0.0 A16.0 H37.8
Orientation	T > C-6.9
Phase enc. dir.	R >> L
Rotation	90.00 deg
Phase oversampling	0%
Slibe oversampling	23.10%
Slices per slab	104
FoV read	230 mm
FoV phase	75%
Slice thickness	1.50 mm
TR	28 ms
TE	20.00 ms
Averages	1
Concatenations	1
Filter	Prescan normalize
Matrix size	256 × 256
TA	4.44
PAT	2
Voxel size	1.0 mm × 0.9 mm × 1.5 mm
Flip angle	15 deg
Dimension	3D
Bandwidth	120 Hz/Px
Slice resolution	100%
Coil elements	HEA; HEP; NE1, 2

Table 3 Susceptibility weighted imaging sequence parameters for 1.5 T Philips Achieva magnet

FoV read	230 mm
Slice thickness	5 mm
Gap	0
TR	35 ms
TE	50 ms
Matrix size	256 x 512
TA	5.15
Flip angle	15 deg
Coil elements	8 channel SENSE head coil

Table 4 Susceptibility weighted imaging sequence parameters for 3 T Philips Achieva magnet

FoV read	230 mm
Slice thickness	5 mm
Gap	0
TR	23 ms
TE	20 ms
Matrix size	218 × 127
TA	4.08
Flip angle	10 deg
Coil elements	8 channel SENSE head coil

Table 5 Increased iron levels in the central nervous system

Entity	Increased iron location	Ref.
Parkinson’s disease	SN, pars compacta, brainstem	[53]
Alzheimer’s disease	Hippocampus, GP	[54]
PKAN	GP, SN sparing DN	[55]
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy	GP, SN, DN	[55]
Neuroferritinopathy	GP, P, DN with cavitation	[55]
Aceruloplasminemia	BG, thalami with no cavitation	[55]
Huntington’s disease	CN, P	[56]
Progressive MCI versus stable MCI	Right GP, SN	[57]
Multiple sclerosis	CN, P and thalamic pulvinar	[60]

CN: Caudate nucleus; GP: Globus Pallidus; P: Putamen; BG: Basal Ganglia; SN: Substantia Nigra; DN: Dentate nucleus; PKAN: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.