High-resolution computed tomography findings in humoral primary immunodeficiencies and correlation with pulmonary function tests

Table 1 Pulmonary function tests results n (%)

	Obstructive defect				Restrictive defect
	Absent	Mild	Relevant1	Any	Absent	Mild	Relevant1	Any
CVID (n = 38)	21 (55.3)	10 (26.3)	7 (18.4)	17 (44.7)	33 (86.9)	1 (2.6)	4 (10.5)	5 (13.1)
CVID-like (n = 14)	8 (57.1)	2 (14.3)	4 (28.6)	6 (42.9)	14 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
All patients (n = 52)	29 (55.8)	12 (23.1)	11 (21.2)	23 (44.2)	47 (90.4)	1 (1.9)	4 (7.7)	5 (9.6)

Data are presented as number of patients with percentages in parentheses.

¹Moderate-to-severe defect. CVID: Common variable immunodeficiency disorder; CVID-like: Including isolated IgG subclass deficiency and selective IgA deficiency.

Table 2 Prevalence of high-resolution computed tomography-detected abnormalities in the two humoral primary immunodeficiencies subtypes (CVID and CVID-like), and comparison between the two groups n (%)

Abnormality	All patients n = 52	CVID n = 38	CVID-like n = 14	P-value (CVID vs CVID-like)
Airway abnormalities
Bronchiectasis	36 (69.2)	27 (71)	9 (64.3)	0.8964
Airway wall thickening	37 (71.2)	27 (71)	10 (71.4)	0.7501
Tree-in-bud	10 (19.2)	6 (15.8)	4 (28.6)	0.8464
Mucus plugging	23 (44.2)	16 (42.1)	7 (50)	0.8888
Air trapping1	16 (50)	12 (52.2)	4 (44.4)	0.8557
Parenchymal-interstitial abnormalities
Consolidation	14 (26.9)	11 (28.9)	3 (21.4)	0.8495
Ground-glass opacity	13 (25)	12 (31.6)	1 (7.1)	0.1487
Nodules	26 (50)	19 (50)	7 (50)	1
Linear and/or irregular opacities	12 (23.1)	12 (31.6)	0 (0)a	0.0427
Bullae/cysts	5 (9.6)	5 (13.2)	0 (0)	0.3695

^aP <0.05.

¹Values are calculated on the 32 patients (23 CVID + 9 CVID-like) for whom additional expiratory scan was acquired. Chi-square test: CVID vs CVID-like patients; CVID: Common variable immunodeficiency disorders; CVID-like: Including isolated IgG subclass deficiency and selective IgA deficiency.

Table 3 Distribution of high-resolution computed tomography-detected airway abnormalities according to the severity of obstructive defect at pulmonary function tests in the overall study population, and results of logistic regression analysis for prediction of moderate-to-severe obstructive defects at PFTs n (%)

Abnormality	Absent	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
	n = 29	n = 12	n = 9	n = 2	P-value	P-value (odds ratio)
Bronchiectasis	19 (66.5)	9 (75)	7 (77.8)	1 (50)	NS	NS
Airway wall thickening	20 (69)	9 (75)	6 (66.7)	2 (100)	NS	NS
Tree-in-bud	2 (6.9)	2 (16.7)	5 (55.6)	1 (50)	0.0014	0.0027 (18.75)
Mucus plugging	8 (27.6)	8 (66.7)	5 (55.6)	2 (100)	0.0112	NS

NS: Non-significant.

Table 4 Distribution of high-resolution computed tomography-detected parenchymal-interstitial abnormalities according to the severity of the restrictive defects at pulmonary function tests in the overall study population, and results of logistic regression analysis for prediction of moderate-to-severe restrictive defects at PFTs n (%)

Abnormality	Absent	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
	n = 47	n = 1	n = 4	n = 0	P-value	P-value (odds ratio)
Consolidation	11 (23.4)	1 (100)	2 (50)	0 (0)	NS	NS
Ground-glass opacity	10 (21.3)	1 (100)	2 (50)	0 (0)	NS	NS
Nodules	23 (48.9)	1 (100)	2 (50)	0 (0)	NS	NS
Linear and/or irregular opacities	8 (17)	1 (100)	3 (75)	0 (0)	0.0029	0.0344 (13.00)
Bullae/cysts	5 (10.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NS	NS

NS: Non-significant.