Published online Oct 28, 2022. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v14.i10.352
Peer-review started: August 14, 2022
First decision: August 29, 2022
Revised: September 5, 2022
Accepted: October 5, 2022
Article in press: October 5, 2022
Published online: October 28, 2022
Processing time: 74 Days and 1.5 Hours
Although contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using gadoxetic acid has been shown to have higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the detection and characterization of hepatic metastases compared with other mo
To compare the diagnostic performance of two kinds of Ab-MRI protocol with the standard MRI protocol and a combination of the Ab-MRI protocol and CE-CT for the detection of colorectal liver metastases.
Study participants comprised 87 patients (51 males, 36 females; mean age, 67.2 ± 10.8 years) who had undergone gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and CE-CT during the initial work-up for colorectal cancer from 2010 to 2021. Each exam was independently reviewed by two readers in three reading sessions: (1) Only single-shot fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted or fat-suppressed-FSE-T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and hepatobiliary-phase images (Ab-MRI protocol 1 or 2); (2) all acquired MRI sequences (standard protocol); and (3) a com
A total of 380 Lesions were analyzed, including 195 metastases (51.4%). Results from the two Ab-MRI protocols were similar. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values from Ab-MRI were non-inferior to those from standard MRI (P > 0.05), while those from the combination of Ab-MRI protocol and CE-CT tended to be higher than those from Ab-MRI alone, although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05), and were quite similar to those from standard MRI (P > 0.05).
The diagnostic performances of two Ab-MRI protocols were non-inferior to that of the standard protocol. Combining Ab-MRI with CE-CT provided better diagnostic performance than Ab-MRI alone.
Core Tip: For the detection of colorectal liver metastases, the diagnostic performance of two kinds of abbreviated enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Ab-MRI) protocols was non-inferior to that of the standard protocol. The combination of Ab-MRI and contrast-enhanced computed tomography provided better diagnostic performance than that of Ab-MRI alone.
- Citation: Ozaki K, Ishida S, Higuchi S, Sakai T, Kitano A, Takata K, Kinoshita K, Matta Y, Ohtani T, Kimura H, Gabata T. Diagnostic performance of abbreviated gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance protocols with contrast-enhanced computed tomography for detection of colorectal liver metastases . World J Radiol 2022; 14(10): 352-366
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v14/i10/352.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v14.i10.352
Metastatic disease is the most frequent malignant condition in the liver, and colorectal cancer (CRC), which is the third most common cancer[1], is the most frequent primary cancer causing hepatic metastases. Synchronous and metachronous liver metastases are found in 20%-25% and 35%-55%, respectively, of patients with advanced CRC[2,3]. Accurate detection of metastases is therefore essential for optimizing patient management and guiding therapeutic strategies.
Although several imaging modalities have been adopted to assess hepatic metastases, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using gadoxetic acid has been shown to offer higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the detection and characterization of hepatic metastases compared with other modalities such as ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT), and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/CT[4-7]. Nevertheless, the long examination time and relatively high cost of the standard MRI protocol with gadoxetic acid limit its use for the routine surveillance of liver metastases in patients with CRC, whereas CE-CT is routinely used for primary staging and metastatic surveillance.
Most previous reports on the detection of liver metastases, including dynamic contrast studies, have assessed acquired sequences[4-7]; however, high sensitivity for the detection of liver metastases is mainly provided by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and hepatobiliary phase (HBP) imaging with gadoxetic acid obtained 20 min after injection[8-10], and no definitive evidence has shown that T1-weighted images with or without fat suppression or dynamic contrast study are essential for accurate detection.
Recently, several selected MRI protocols without dynamic phases [e.g., abbreviated enhanced MRI (Ab-MRI)] have been proposed to achieve equivalent diagnostic performance for the detection of colorectal liver metastases to standard MRI protocols[11-13]. However, the number of reports is still small, and the sequences included in the protocols have been slightly different. As a result, no optimal protocol has been established. Furthermore, while MRI with gadoxetic acid is regularly performed after CE-CT for preoperative CRC staging in clinical settings, no studies appear to have assessed the diagnostic performance of Ab-MRI in combination with CE-CT to determine the best therapeutic strategy.
The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare the diagnostic performance of two Ab-MRI protocols with those of the standard MRI protocol and a combination of an Ab-MRI protocol and CE-CT in the detection of colorectal liver metastases.
This single-center retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board. Given the retrospective design of the study, the need to obtain written informed consent was waived.
We identified all patients with CRC pathologically confirmed from surgically resected specimens who had undergone gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and CE-CT for cancer staging during the initial work-up between October 2010 and April 2021. In our institution, hepatic MRI using gadoxetic acid and CE-CT are routinely performed during the initial work-up of patients with CRC. The inclusion criteria for the study population were as follows: (1) Pathologically proven primary CRC; (2) performance of CE-CT within 2 wk of an MRI; and (3) previous abdominal CT or MRI performed ≥ 12 mo earlier. Among 386 patients seen in our facility during the study period, 105 patients with CRC confirmed at pathological analysis satisfied the inclusion criteria; 118 patients with CRC had no colorectal liver metastases, and 163 with colorectal liver metastases underwent chemotherapy without surgical resection. Patients with the following conditions were then excluded: motion artifacts or missing part of the MRI acquisition (n = 5); history of other malignancy (n = 4); missing part of a CT examination due to iodine allergy (n = 4); chronic live disease or cirrhosis (n = 3); and cancer other than adenocarcinoma, such as neuroendocrine tumor (n = 2). A final total of 87 patients was included in this study (Figure 1). The demographic and clinical-biological data of these patients were obtained from the medical records.
Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI was performed using a 3-T system (Discovery 750 DV 25.1; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States) with an 8-channel body phased-array coil. All patients included in the study had undergone scans using a standard liver MRI protocol including the following sequences: in- and opposed-phase T1-weighted imaging, and 3-dimensional T1-weighted fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequences [liver acquisition with volume acceleration (LAVA); GE Medical Systems] as pre-contrast sequences. After gadoxetic acid (Primovist; Bayer Schering Pharma, Osaka, Japan) was administered at a rate of 1 mL/s followed by a 20-mL saline flush using a power injector and a bolus tracking technique, late arterial-, portal venous-, and transitional-phase images were acquired using LAVA. Single-shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) T2-weighted imaging, fat-suppressed fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted imaging, DWI (b = 0 s/mm2, b = 800 s/mm2), and HBP imaging were acquired at least 20 min after contrast administration using the same sequences as applied pre-contrast (Figure 2). Details of the MRI protocols are provided in Table 1.
| Sequence | Orientation | Respiratory compensation | Repetition/echo time (ms) | Flip angle (degrees) | Section thickness (mm) | Intersection gap (mm) | Field-of-view (mm2) | Matrix | Acquisition time (s) |
| T1-weighted in and opposed phases (SPGR) | Axial | Breath-hold | 6.9/4.5 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 350´280 | 320´224 | 20 |
| Dynamic study (LAVA)1 | Axial | Breath-hold | 6.5/3.1 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 350´280 | 320´192 | 20 |
| Single-shot FSE T2-weighted imaging | Axial | Breath-hold | 520/82 | 90 | 5 | 1 | 350´350 | 384´256 | 20 |
| Diffusion-weighted imaging | Axial | Respiration trigger | 8000-12000/68 | 90 | 5 | 1 | 350´350 | 128´128 | 210 |
| Fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted imaging | Axial | Respiration trigger | 520/82 | 160 | 5 | 1 | 350´350 | 320´320 | 230 |
| Hepatobiliary phase | Axial | Breath-hold | 6.5/3.1 | 30 | 4 | 1 | 350´280 | 320´224 | 20 |
All CT examinations were conducted using a CT system (SOMATOM Force; Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany). Following non-enhanced CT, contrast material-enhanced study was performed at 60-70 s (portal phase) and 180 s (equilibrium phase) after completing intravenous injection of non-ionic contrast material (Iopamiron 370; Bayer Health Care, Osaka, Japan) (500 mg of iodine per kilogram body weight) for 30 s. Images were acquired in the craniocaudal direction, including the whole abdomen and pelvis. The following imaging parameters were used: tube current, 250 mAs; tube voltages, 100 kVp; collimation, 0.6´192 mm; pitch factor, 0.8; rotation time, 0.5 s; matrix, 512´512; field of view, 300-500 mm; and reconstruction interval (slice thickness), 3 mm.
All MRI and CT examinations were pooled after anonymization by a radiologist (K.O.) with 20 years of experience in the field of abdominal imaging who did not participate in the readings. Two different Ab-MRI protocols were arranged, including only SSFSE T2-weighted or fat-suppressed FSE-T2-weighted, DWI and HBP images (Ab-MRI protocol 1 or 2) (Figure 2). Four radiologists (T.S., K.K., K.T., A.K., with 30, 22, 10, and 8 years of experience in oncology imaging, respectively) randomized into two groups retrospectively and independently reviewed the following three reading sessions: (1) Ab-MRI protocol 1 or 2; (2) the standard MRI protocol including all acquired sequences; and (3) a combination of Ab-MRI protocol 1 or 2 and CE-CT. The reader who performed the Ab-MRI in the first reading session used the same abbreviated protocol in the third reading session. All interpretation of images from MRI and CT was blinded to clinical-biological and follow-up data. The reader at the second or third reading was blinded to results from the prior session, which had been held at least 2 mo earlier.
Reviewers were asked to report all focal liver lesions detected. Lesion locations were defined according to the Couinaud classification. Maximal diameter on the axial plane was measured in millimeters. Readers characterized the detected lesions using a 5-point scale (1, definitely not liver metastasis; 2, probably not liver metastasis; 3, indeterminate; 4, probably liver metastasis; and 5, definitely liver metastasis). Lesions were considered liver metastases for scores of 4 or 5, whereas lesions were considered to not represent liver metastases for scores ≤ 3.
All metastases were pathologically confirmed from surgically resected specimens. The MRI of each metastasis was pathologically checked in the cut sections of the resected specimens by a radiologist (K.O.) and a pathologist (S.H., 7 years of experience) who did not participate in the readings.
Benign lesions such as simple hepatic cysts and hemangiomas were diagnosed on the basis of typical imaging findings and by the fact that the lesions demonstrated no change in size on previous contrast-enhanced CT or MRI performed over a period of ≥ 12 mo (range, 12-38 mo). Typical imaging findings of hepatic cysts and hemangiomas are as follows: hepatic cysts are diagnosed on the basis of marked hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging and the absence of contrast enhancement. Hemangiomas are diagnosed on the basis of moderate to marked hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging and expanding globular peripheral enhancement approximately paralleling that of the blood pool. Tiny hepatic cysts (diameter < 2 mm) detected only on SSFSE T2-weighted imaging were not subjected to analysis. Other benign lesions (such as focal nodular hyperplasia) were also recorded if found. Examples of colorectal liver metastases, hemangiomas, and hepatic cysts are shown in Figures 3-6.
Continuous variables are reported as mean and standard or median deviation and extreme values, depending on the distribution. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), accuracy of each session, and 95%CIs were calculated. A false positive was a lesion considered by radiologists to be malignant but not confirmed as a metastasis according to the reference standard. A false negative was a lesion considered to be benign by radiologists but identified as a metastasis according to the reference standard. McNemar’s test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy between each reading session. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) were computed and compared using the DeLong test. Inter-reader variability for the characterization of detected lesions was assessed using Cohen’s kappa statistics. Kappa values of 0.01-0.20, 0.21-0.40, 0.41-0.60, 0.61-0.80, and 0.81-1.0 were considered to indicate “poor”, “fair”, “moderate”, “good”, and “excellent” agreement, respectively. A bilateral value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21.0 (SPSS, IBM; Armonk, NY, United States).
The 87 patients had 195 metastases (51.4%) and 175 benign lesions (49.6%) (15 hemangiomas/160 cysts; no other benign lesions were observed). The mean sizes of metastases and benign lesions were 28.2 ± 13.6 mm and 4.8 ± 2.8 mm, and median numbers per patient were 2.2 (range, 1-8) and 3.1 (range, 0-12), respectively. Patient and tumor characteristics are shown in Table 2.
| Characteristics | |
| Number of cases | 87 |
| Gender (male/female) | 51 (58.6%)/36 (41.4%) |
| Age (yr)1 overall | 67.2 ± 10.8 |
| Male | 67.5 ± 9.6 |
| Female | 66.8 ± 12.4 |
| Location of colorectal cancer colon/rectum | 31/56 |
| Total number of lesions; metastases/benign | 370 |
| Metastases | 195 (51.4%) |
| Benign lesions | 175 (49.6%) (15 hemangiomas/160 cysts) |
| Number of lesions per patient with liver metastases | 2.2 (1-8) |
| Size of metastatic lesion (mm)1 | 28.2 ± 13.6 |
| Number of benign lesions per patient | 3.1 (0-12) |
| Size of benign lesions (mm)1 | 4.8 ± 2.8 |
A total of 352 (95.1%) and 349 (94.3%) of the 370 Lesions were detected by Readers 1 and 2, respectively, using Ab-MRI protocol 1, including 182 (93.3%) and 178 (91.3%) of the 195 metastases and 170 (97.1%) and 171 (97.7%) of the 175 benign lesions, respectively. A total of 350 (94.6%) and 355 (95.9%) of the 370 Lesions were detected by Readers 3 and 4, respectively, using Ab-MRI protocol 2, including 185 (94.9%) and 184 (94.4%) of the 195 metastases and 168 (96.0%) and 171 (97.7%) of the 175 benign lesions, respectively.
All performance indices (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy, and AUROC) for the two Ab-MRI protocols were similar. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the two Ab-MRI protocols were non-inferior to that of standard MRI for all readers (P > 0.05), whereas significant differences in accuracy and AUROC were observed (P < 0.05).
All performance indices for the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT were higher than that of Ab-MRI alone for all four readers, although only accuracy or AUROC differed significantly (P < 0.05). All performance indices for the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT were similar to that of standard MRI for all four readers (P > 0.05). The details and results of a comparison of all performance indices between the three reading sessions by each reader are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
| Reader 1 | Reader 2 | |||||||||||
| Ab-MRI | Standard MRI | Ab-MRI + CE-CT | P value (Ab-MRI vs standard) | P value (Ab-MRI vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | P value (standard vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | Ab-MRI | Standard MRI | Ab-MRI + CE-CT | P value (Ab-MRI vs standard) | P value (Ab-MRI vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | P value (standard vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | |
| Sensitivity | 93.3 (88.9-96.4) | 94.4 (92.3-95.1) | 93.8 (91.8-94.6) | 0.5 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | 91.3 (88.9-92.5) | 93.8 (91.7-94.8) | 93.3 (91.1-94.3) | 0.063 | 0.125 | > 0.99 |
| Specificity | 97.1 (93.5-99.1) | 98.9 (96.6-99.7) | 98.9 (96.6-99.7) | 0.125 | 0.25 | > 0.99 | 97.7 (95.0-99.1) | 98.3 (95.8-99.4) | 98.3 (95.8-99.4) | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 |
| PPV | 97.3 (93.9-99.1) | 98.9 (96.8-99.7) | 98.9 (96.8-99.7) | 0.25 | 0.25 | > 0.99 | 97.8 (95.2-99.1) | 98.4 (96.1-99.4) | 98.4 (96.0-99.4) | 0.25 | 0.25 | > 0.99 |
| NPV | 92.9 (88.2-96.2) | 94 (91.9-94.8) | 93.5 (91.4-94.3) | 0.5 | > 0.99 | > 0.99 | 91 (85.9-94.6) | 93.5 (91.2-94.5) | 93 (90.6-94.0) | 0.063 | 0.125 | > 0.99 |
| Accuracy | 95.1 (92.4-97.1) | 96.5 (94.4-97.3) | 96.2 (94.1-97.0) | 0.063 | 0.125 | > 0.99 | 94.3 (91.8-95.6) | 95.9 (93.6-97.0) | 95.7 (93.3-96.7) | 0.031 | 0.063 | > 0.99 |
| AUROC | 0.952 (0.931-0.974) | 0.966 (0.948-0.984) | 0.964 (0.945-0.982) | 0.025 | 0.045 | 0.317 | 0.945 (0.922-0.968) | 0.961 (0.941-0.980) | 0.958 (0.938-0.978) | 0.014 | 0.025 | 0.317 |
| Reader 3 | Reader 4 | |||||||||||
| Ab-MRI | Standard MRI | Ab-MRI + CE-CT | P value (Ab-MRI vs standard) | P value (Ab-MRI vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | P value (standard vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | Ab-MRI | Standard MRI | Ab-MRI + CE-CT | P value (Ab-MRI vs standard) | P value (Ab-MRI vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | P value (standard vs Ab-MRI + CE-CT) | |
| Sensitivity | 93.3 (90.7-95.0) | 94.9 (92.7-95.9) | 95.9 (93.8-96.9) | 0.25 | 0.063 | 0.5 | 94.4 (90.1- 97.2) | 95.9 (93.8-96.9) | 96.9 (95.1-97.6) | 0.25 | 0.063 | 0.5 |
| Specificity | 96 (93.1-97.8) | 98.3 (95.9-99.4) | 98.3 (96.0-99.4) | 0.125 | 0.125 | > 0.99 | 97.7 (94.3-99.4) | 98.3 (96.0-99.4) | 98.9 (96.8-99.7) | > 0.99 | 0.5 | > 0.99 |
| PPV | 96.3 (93.6-98.0) | 98.4 (96.2-99.4) | 98.4 (96.3-99.4) | 0.125 | 0.125 | > 0.99 | 97.9 (94.6-99.4) | 98.4 (96.3-99.4) | 99 (97.1-99.7) | > 0.99 | 0.5 | > 0.99 |
| NPV | 92.8 (90.0-94.6) | 94.5 (92.2-95.6) | 95.6 (93.3-96.6) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 94 (89.4-96.9) | 95.6 (93.3-96.6) | 96.7 (94.7-97.5) | 0.25 | 0.063 | 0.5 |
| Accuracy | 94.6 (91.9-96.3) | 96.5 (94.2-97.5) | 97 (94.9-98.0) | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.5 | 95.9 (93.4-97.7) | 97 (94.9-98.0) | 97.8 (95.9-98.6) | 0.125 | 0.063 | 0.5 |
| AUROC | 0.947 (0.924-0.969) | 0.943 (0.919-0.967) | 0.948 (0.925-0.971) | 0.603 | 0.862 | 0.156 | 0.960 (0.941-0.980) | 0.971 (0.954-0.988) | 0.979 (0.964-0.993) | 0.045 | 0.007 | 0.083 |
More specifically, with regard to false-negative lesions in the Ab-MRI protocols, 11 metastases of the 13 false-negative lesions for reader 1, 12 of 17 for reader 2, 8 of 13 for reader 3, and 6 of 11 for reader 4 were not detected on any of the three reading sessions by each reader, respectively (all were < 1 cm). Among these false-negative lesions, seven metastases were detected by at least one reader using the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT or the standard MRI protocol. On the other hand, five small metastases were not detected on any reading sessions by any reader (all were < 1 cm) (Figures 3 and 4). Three of these small metastases were located on the peripheral edge of the liver. The mean diameter of metastases detected using Ab-MRI protocols was 12 ± 10 mm, compared to 2.3 ± 1.7 mm for undetected metastases. With regard to the false-positive lesions, three hemangiomas were misdiagnosed as liver metastases on both Ab-MRI protocols by all four readers and correctly diagnosed on standard MRI and the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT (Figure 5).
In Ab-MRI protocol 1, the kappa value for the two readers was 0.891 (95%CI: 0.846-0.938) for the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT, which was slightly higher than that for Ab-MRI (0.849; 95%CI: 0.795-0.903) and standard MRI (0.887; 95%CI: 0.839-0.9334). In Ab-MRI protocol 2, the kappa value for the two readers was 0.935 (95%CI: 0.899-0.971) for the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT, which was similar to that for standard MRI (0.942; 95%CI: 0.885-0.963) and slightly higher than that for Ab-MRI (0.827; 95%CI: 0.770-0.885). All kappa values indicated excellent inter-reader agreement with regard to the presence of liver metastases.
The results of this study revealed that the overall diagnostic performances of both Ab-MRI protocols 1 and 2 were non-inferior to that of the standard MRI protocol, and that of the combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT were higher than that of Ab-MRI alone and similar to that of the standard MRI protocol. These findings indicate that Ab-MRI protocols could provide a viable alternative to conventional MRI protocols for evaluating colorectal liver metastases, and that parallel assessment with CE-CT appears more useful.
Our results are similar to those from other recently published articles[11,12]. In retrospective studies of patients with CRC and using a similar design, Ghorra et al[11] and Canellas et al[12] assessed similar Ab-MRI protocols and reported high sensitivity for lesion detection (88.5% and 93.5%, respectively) and high PPV for lesion characterization (91.9% and 98.3%, respectively). The high diagnostic performance of Ab-MRI protocols could be preserved with DWI and HBP images[8-10]. Because of the background suppression of normal parenchyma and intrahepatic vessels, DWI shows high sensitivity for detecting liver metastases, especially small lesions < 2 cm in diameter, compared with T2-weighted imaging, and discriminates between metastases and benign lesions more effectively because of its excellent contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)[14,15]. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI also shows high sensitivity (92%), particularly for small lesions (≤ 1 cm), even compared with enhanced MRI using superparamagnetic iron oxide (63%)[16]. The higher detection sensitivity of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can be explained by the HBP images, which provide higher SNR, CNR, and spatial resolution, improving the conspicuity and detectability of liver metastases[17,18]. The combination of DWI and HBP images yield excellent performance for lesion detection compared with each sequence alone[9,10]. However, these two sequences are insufficient for the accurate detection and diagnosis of liver metastases.
DWI characterization of focal liver lesions offers several potential pitfalls and limitations. First, the DWI signal intensity for metastases shows significant overlap between those of benign and other malignant lesions[19], and cannot accurately distinguish between each focal liver lesion. In addition, DWI in the upper abdomen is limited by susceptibility and ghosting artifacts in relation to the presence of gas in the nearby bowel and physiologic movements, respectively, which can hide lesions located on the upper edge or in the left lobe, respectively[15,20,21]. The excellent detectability of HBP images can compensate for these limitations but because many types of lesions show the same hypointensity, HBP images without dynamic contrast also show a potential drawback in regard to the difficulty of characterizing focal hepatic lesions.
Lesion characterization requires additional sequences, mainly for differentiating between metastases and benign lesions such as cysts or hemangiomas. We therefore adopted T2-weighted images in the present study, as with previous reports[11-13]. On T2-weighted imaging, liver metastases tend to show mild hyperintensity compared with cysts and hemangiomas, both of which show marked hyperintensity[22]. SSFSE T2-weighted imaging is more useful than FSE T2-weighted imaging for characterizing cysts and hemangiomas[23], whereas liver metastases (particularly small lesions) remain indistinct. On the other hand, FSE T2-weighted imaging with fat suppression might be more helpful for differentiating metastases from hemangiomas[24]. As both SSFSE and FSE T2-weighted imaging have specific advantages and disadvantages, we used two kinds of Ab-MRI protocol including T2-weighted imaging. Consequently, our results showed little difference between both kinds of Ab-MRI protocols with SSFSE or FSE T2-weighted images.
The difficulties in discriminating between metastases and hemangiomas, particularly for small lesions, may be a potential drawback of even gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI, including dynamic contrast study, which is the standard protocol, because of the lack of an equilibrium phase in the real sense of the term[25,26]. The shortcomings of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can be overcome by CE-CT, as supported by Sofue’s report[27] that the PPV with the combination of CE-CT and gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI was superior to that of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI alone[4,17,28]. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first assessment of the diagnostic performance of combination CE-CT and Ab-MRI for liver metastases. CT examinations are required to determine the therapeutic strategy for CRC. The use of CT examinations in Ab-MRI reading sessions is thus quite reasonable. Our results revealed that the combination of CE-CT and Ab-MRI achieved superior detection and characterization performance compared with Ab-MRI alone, and were quite similar to standard MRI alone[4,17,28].
Ab-MRI protocols should enable a reduction in imaging acquisition time, as noted by Canellas et al[12], who reported that Ab-MRI protocols may be performed in less than 15 min, while standard liver MRI takes up to 30 min. The implementation of Ab-MRI protocols can be expected because they have shown no significant influence on gadoxetic acid administration on T2-weighted imaging and diffusion sequences in regard to acquisition and image interpretation[29,30], suggesting that patients could undergo contrast administration without a bolus injection before entering the MRI suite. This would not only reduce the imaging acquisition time, but also provide several other advantages. First, a smaller intravenous route could be used because of the absence of a bolus injection, and this could reduce complications such as the leakage of contrast materials. Second, avoiding the use of a power injector could allow tangled procedures to be limited. Third, saline solution would not be needed after administration of gadoxetic acid, which would cut costs. Fourth, oxygen administration, which is used in selected patients to obtain appropriate arterial-phase images, would be unnecessary, resulting in additional cost-cutting. Fifth, fewer imaging sequences would be needed, which would save time.
This study has several limitations that need to be considered. First, the study used a retrospective design and included a relatively small number of patients from a single center. Second, selection bias was possible because the patients selected for our series all had a high probability of metastases being detected, owing to our aim to achieve histologic diagnostic confirmation. Third, despite their availability as additional data, we did not assess apparent diffusion coefficient maps or values. Fourth, given the retrospective nature of this study, we could not measure the true acquisition time or cost of the Ab-MRI protocols. Fifth, unexpected malignant lesions other than colorectal liver metastases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, could not be accurately diagnosed. Sixth, no other metastatic sites were assessed, because this study focused only on liver tumors. Finally, we did not assess the influence of the MRI protocol on surgical management or patient survival. Overall, further analyses are warranted before deciding whether to adapt Ab-MRI protocols for the initial surveillance of liver metastases in patients with CRC.
The diagnostic performances of two kinds of Ab-MRI protocol, including SSFSE or FSE T2-weighted images, were non-inferior to that of the standard protocol. The combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT provided better diagnostic performance than Ab-MRI alone, nearly equivalent to that of the standard protocol.
Although contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using gadoxetic acid has been shown to have higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the detection and characterization of hepatic metastases compared with other modalities, the long examination time would limit the broad indication. Several abbreviated MRI protocols without dynamic phases (Ab-MRI) have been proposed to achieve equivalent diagnostic performance for the detection of colorectal liver metastases. However, an optimal protocol has not been established, and no studies have assessed the diagnostic performance of Ab-MRI combined with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT), which is the preoperative imaging of colorectal cancer staging in clinical settings, to determine the best therapeutic strategy.
The long examination time and relatively high cost of the standard MRI protocol with gadoxetic acid limit its use for the routine surveillance of liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. In order to further expand use of the MRI examination with gadoxetic acid with maintaining the diagnostic performance of liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer, the diagnostic performance of Ab-MRI combined with or without CE-CT, which is the preoperative imaging of colorectal cancer should be estimated.
To compare the diagnostic performance of two kinds of Ab-MRI protocol with the standard MRI protocol and a combination of the Ab-MRI protocol and CE-CT for the detection of colorectal liver metastases.
Study participants comprised 87 patients (51 males, 36 females; mean age, 67.2 ± 10.8 years) who had undergone gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and CE-CT during the initial work-up for colorectal cancer from 2010 to 2021. Each exam was independently reviewed by two readers in three reading sessions: (1) Only single-shot fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted or fat-suppressed-FSE-T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and hepatobiliary-phase images (Ab-MRI protocol 1 or 2); (2) all acquired MRI sequences (standard protocol); and (3) a combination of an Ab-MRI protocol (1 or 2) and CE-CT. Diagnostic performance was then statistically analyzed.
A total of 380 Lesions were analyzed, including 195 metastases (51.4%). Results from the two Ab-MRI protocols were similar. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values from Ab-MRI were non-inferior to those from standard MRI (P > 0.05), while those from the combination of Ab-MRI protocol and CE-CT tended to be higher than those from Ab-MRI alone, although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05), and were quite similar to those from standard MRI (P > 0.05).
The diagnostic performances of two kinds of Ab-MRI protocol, including SSFSE or FSE T2-weighted images, were non-inferior to that of the standard protocol. The combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT provided better diagnostic performance than Ab-MRI alone, nearly equivalent to that of the standard protocol.
The combination of Ab-MRI and CE-CT can provide a sufficient diagnostic performance for the detection of colorectal liver metastases, and enable a reduction in imaging acquisition time.
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: Japan
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): B
Grade C (Good): 0
Grade D (Fair): D
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Gao L, China; Liao W, China S-Editor: Zhang H L-Editor: A P-Editor: Zhang H
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