Inadvertent cardiac phlebography

Table 1 Patient and procedure-related characteristics and outcomes of published cases describing myocardial laceration or cannulation of Thebesian veins following left ventriculogram with end-hole catheters

Case	Ref.	Demographics	Catheter, access	Injection characteristics	Complication	Clinical findings/outcome
1	Judkins et al[4]	72 yr, woman, aortic stenosis	Multipurpose-1 (right radial access)	Not provided	Opacification of Thebesian veins, coronary veins and coronary sinus	Not provided
2	Judkins et al[4]	77 yr, woman, chest pain	Optitorque Tiger (right radial access)	Not provided	Opacification of Thebesian veins and coronary veins	Not provided
3	Singhal et al[5]	46 yr, man, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Multipurpose-2 (femoral access)	Power injection, 25 mL of contrast, 10 mL/s	Opacification of Thebesian veins, coronary veins and coronary sinus	Ventricular tachycardia requiring cardioversion/uneventful recovery and next day discharge
4	Frizzell et al[6]	76 yr, woman, myocardial infarction	Optitorque Tiger (radial access)	Power injection, 30 mL of contrast over 10 s	Laceration/dissection of anterolateral myocardium and pericardial staining	Chest discomfort, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade/pericardiocentesis, uneventful recovery
5	Rossington et al[7]	71 yr, woman, angina	Optitorque Tiger (right radial access)	Power injection, 25 mL of contrast, 8 mL/s, 600 psi	Laceration/dissection of anterolateral myocardium	Chest discomfort, transient bundle branch block/uneventful course and next day discharge
6	Aqel et al[8]	50 yr, woman, chest pain	Judkins right 4 (femoral access)	Hand injection	Opacification of Thebesian veins, coronary veins and coronary sinus	Not provided
7	Kang et al[9]	66 yr, woman, angina	Optitorque Jacky radial (radial access)	Power injection, 30 mL of contrast over 2 s, 600 psi	Laceration/dissection of anterior myocardium and opacification of anterior interventricular vein and coronary sinus	Not provided
8	Basit et al[10]	69 yr, man, inferior wall ischemia	Optitorque Jacky radial (radial access)	Not provided	Laceration/dissection of myocardium with pericardial opacification	Chest pain, trivial pericardial effusion/uneventful recovery