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©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Cardiol. Oct 26, 2016; 8(10): 615-622
Published online Oct 26, 2016. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i10.615
Published online Oct 26, 2016. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i10.615
Table 1 Society of thoracic surgery definitions for peri-operative outcomes
Outcomes | Definition |
Stroke | If the patient had a central neurological deficit persisting postoperatively for > 72 h |
Peri-operative MI | 0-24 h post-operative: The CK-MB (or CK if MB not available) must be greater than or equal to 5 times the upper limit of normal, with or without new Q waves present in two or more contiguous ECG leads No symptoms required > 24 h post-operative: Indicate the presence of a peri-operative MI (> 24 h post-op) as documented by at least one of the following criteria: (1) Evolutionary ST-segment elevations (2) Development of new Q-waves in two or more contiguous ECG leads (3) New or presumably new LBBB pattern on the ECG (4) The CK-MB (or CK if MB not available) must be greater than or equal to 3 times the upper limit of normal |
Table 2 Baseline characteristics between control group and remote ischemic preconditioning group
Characteristic | Control (n = 51) | RIPC (n = 51) | P |
Demographics | |||
Mean age (± SD) | 68.9 (± 9.8) | 69.4 (± 9.9) | 0.77 |
Male % (n) | 62.8 (32) | 76.5 (39) | 0.20 |
Caucasian % (n) | 88.2 (45) | 90.2 (46) | 1.00 |
Mean BMI (± SD) | 30.4 (± 7.6) | 28.4 (± 5.2) | 0.13 |
Co-morbidities | |||
Diabetes mellitus % (n) | 39.2 (20) | 62.7 (32) | 0.029 |
Hypertension % (n) | 84.3 (43) | 82.4 (42) | 1.00 |
Dyslipidemia % (n) | 90.2 (46) | 90.2 (46) | 1.00 |
Heart failure % (n) | 21.6 (11) | 23.5 (12) | 1.00 |
Atrial fibrillation % (n) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | NA |
AICD % (n) | 0.0 (0) | 2.0 (1) | 1.00 |
CVA % (n) | 3.9 (2) | 5.9 (3) | 1.00 |
TIA % (n) | 2.0 (1) | 7.8 (4) | 0.36 |
PAD % (n) | 9.8 (5) | 21.6 (11) | 0.17 |
CKD % (n) | 23.5 (12) | 23.5 (12) | 1.00 |
Dialysis % (n) | 2.0 (1) | 2.0 (1) | 1.00 |
Mean creatinine (± SD) | 1.2 (± 1.1) | 1.2 (± 0.7) | 0.89 |
COPD % (n) | 5.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) | 0.24 |
Tobacco use % (n) | 17.6 (9) | 27.5 (14) | 0.34 |
Table 3 Baseline medications and clinical presentation in the control group and remote ischemic preconditioning group
Characteristic | Control (n = 51) | RIPC (n = 51) | P |
Medications % (n) | |||
Alpha blockers | 7.8 (4) | 2.0 (1) | 0.36 |
Beta blockers | 78.4 (40) | 80.4 (41) | 1.00 |
ACE-inhibitors | 37.3 (19) | 41.2 (21) | 0.84 |
Aspirin | 90.2 (46) | 90.2 (46) | 1.00 |
Statins | 84.3 (43) | 86.3 (44) | 1.00 |
Clinical presentation % (n) | |||
Stable angina | 23.5 (12) | 23.5 (12) | 1.00 |
Unstable angina | 25.5 (13) | 25.5 (13) | 1.00 |
Positive stress test | 27.5 (14) | 25.5 (13) | 1.00 |
Non-STEMI | 19.6 (10) | 17.6 (9) | 1.00 |
STEMI | 0.0 (0) | 2.0 (1) | 1.00 |
Valve without CAD | 17.6 (9) | 27.5 (14) | 0.34 |
Table 4 Clinical outcomes in the control group vs remote ischemic preconditioning group
Characteristic | Control (n = 51) | RIPC (n = 51) | P |
Primary endpoint | |||
POAF % (n) | 41.2 (21) | 54.0 (27) | 0.23 |
Secondary endpoints | |||
Other arrhythmia % (n) | 13.7 (7) | 11.8 (6) | 1.00 |
MI % (n) | 3.9 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 0.50 |
Stroke % (n) | 0.0 (0) | 3.9 (2) | 0.24 |
Mean EF (± SD) | 53.1 (± 14.8) | 50.5 (± 16.9) | 0.43 |
Bleeding % (n) | 21.6 (11) | 28.0 (14) | 0.50 |
Mean cross-clamp time (± SD) | 88.7 (± 44.8) | 93.0 (± 38.5) | 0.61 |
In-hospital mortality % (n) | 0 (0) | 3.9 (2) | 0.50 |
30-d mortality (after discharge) % (n) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
30-d readmission % (n) | 11.8 (6) | 16.3 (8) | 0.57 |
Mean LOS (± SD) | 13.7 (± 7.8) | 14.0 (± 7.7) | 0.87 |
- Citation: Lotfi AS, Eftekhari H, Atreya AR, Kashikar A, Sivalingam SK, Giannoni M, Visintainer P, Engelman D. Randomized controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning and atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. World J Cardiol 2016; 8(10): 615-622
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v8/i10/615.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v8.i10.615