Adipose tissue-derived stem cells as a therapeutic tool for cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in vitro

Cell type	Expression of VEC markers	Expression of VSMC markers	Expression of cardiomyocyte markers	Production of paracrine factors	Ref.
Human fADSCs	CD31, vWF	NE	NE	NE	Miranville et al[30]
Human cADSCs	CD31, vWF	NE	NE	NE	Planat-Benard et al[31]
Human cADSCs	NE	SMA, calponin, caldesmon, myosin heavy chain, SM22α	NE	NE	Rodríguez et al[32]
Human cADSCs	NE	SMA, calponin, SM22α	NE	NE	Jeon et al[33]
Rabbit cADSCs	NE	NE	Myosin heavy chain, sarcomeric α-actinin, troponin I	NE	Rangappa et al[34]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	Sarcomeric α-actinin, desmin, cardiac troponin	NE	Gaustad et al[35]
Murine fADSCs	NE	NE	GATA-4, Nkx2.5	NE	Planat-Bénard et al[36]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	NE	VEGF, HGF, TGF-β	Rehman et al[44]
Murine cADSCs	ND	ND	NE	VEGF, HGF	Nakagami et al[45]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	NE	VEGF, IGF-1	Sadat et al[46]

NE: Not examined; ND: Not detected; ADSCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells; VEC: Vascular endothelial cell; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; vWF: von Willebrand factor.

Table 2 Differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in vivo

Cell type	Animal model	Expression of VEC markers	Expression of VSMC markers	Expression of cardiomyocyte markers	Functional recovery	Ref.
Human cADSCs	Murine hindlimb ischemia	CD31	NE	NE	Yes	Planat-Benard et al[31]
Porcine cADSCs	Porcine AMI	vWF	SMA	NE	Yes	Valina et al[37]
Human cADSCs	Bladders and urethras of athymic rats and SCID mice	NE	SMA	NE	NE	Jack et al[38]
Murine fADSCs	Murine AMI	NE	NE	Myosin heavy chain, Nkx2.5, troponin I	Yes	Strem et al[39]
Murine fADSCs	Rat AMI	NE	NE	Sarcomeric actin, GATA-4	Yes	Yamada et al[40]
Conditioned medium from human cADSCs	Murine hindlimb ischemia	NE	NE	NE	Yes	Bhang et al[48]

NE: Not examined; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; ADSCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells; vWF: von Willebrand factor; VEC: Vascular endothelial cell; SMA: Smooth muscle actin; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction.