Tsiouris A, Paone G, Nemeh HW, Borgi J, Williams CT, Lanfear DE, Morgan JA. Short and long term outcomes of 200 patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. World J Cardiol 2015; 7(11): 792-800 [PMID: 26635927 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.792]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Athanasios Tsiouris, MD, Section of Cardiac Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, Boardman 204, New Haven, CT 06520, United States. athtsiouris@hotmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Retrospective Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2015; 7(11): 792-800 Published online Nov 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.792
Table 1 Patient demographics and comorbidities
Variable
Total (n = 200)
BTT (n = 98)
DT (n = 102)
P value
Age (yr)
54.3 ± 12.5
50.1 ± 12.8
58.4 ± 10.7
0.001
Gender
Female
24% (48/200)
25.5% (25/98)
22.8% (23/102)
Male
76% (151/200)
74.5% (73/98)
76.5% (78/102)
0.652
Race
AA
46% (92/200)
39.8% (39/98)
52% (53/102)
0.375
Caucasian
54% (108/200)
54.1% (53/98)
42.4% (47/102)
Etiology of heart failure
ICM
52% (104/200)
29% (28/98)
74.5% (76/102)
0.001
NIDCM
48% (96/200)
51% (50/98)
45.1% (46/102)
BSA
1.97 ± 0.27
1.96 ± 0.27
1.98 ± 0.28
0.667
BMI
28.3 ± 5.5
28.1 ± 4.3
28.5 ± 6.5
0.763
Albumin (g/dL)
4.14 ± 10.03
3.19 ± 0.51
5.06 ± 14.05
0.015
DM
46% (92/200)
38.8% (38/98)
52.9% (54/102)
0.038
HTN
83% (166/200)
79.6% (78/98)
86.2% (88/102)
0.153
CRI
40% (81/200)
29.6% (29/98)
51% (52/102)
0.002
Dialysis
2.5% (5/200)
3.1% (3/98)
1.8% (2/102)
0.680
COPD
15.5% (31/200)
15.3% (15/98)
15.7% (16/102)
0.917
PVD
12% (23/200)
7.1% (7/98)
15.7% (16/102)
0.055
Vented
12% (25/200)
9.2% (9/98)
15.7% (16/102)
0.134
Previous cardiac surgery
32% (63/200)
20.4% (20/98)
42% (43/102)
0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.42 ± 0.62
1.43 ± 0.58
1.42 ± 0.65
0.869
AST (U/L)
48.3 ± 82.8
58.0 ± 106.8
38.9 ± 45.7
0.212
ALT (U/L)
46.5 ± 78.5
59.8 ± 99.4
33.5 ± 47.3
0.002
CPB time (min)
113.5 ± 46.1
109.5 ± 46.0
117.8 ± 46.1
0.178
XCL time (min)
71 ± 30.6
85.2 ± 33.7
51.7 ± 26.0
0.054
MCS at time of VAD
18% (36/200)
24% (23/98)
13% (13/102)
0.051
On inotropes at time of VAD
75%(150/200)
81% (80/98)
69% (70/102)
0.036
Pre VAD CVP (mmHg)
11.8 ± 6.4
11.6 ± 6.4
12.0 ± 6.4
0.653
Pre VAD PAPs (mmHg)
51.4 ± 14.2
50.5 ± 14.5
52.3 ± 13.8
0.412
Pre VAD PAPd (mmHg)
24.5 ± 9.2
24.4 ± 9.8
24.7 ± 8.5
0.682
Pre Vad CI (L/min per square metre)
1.85 ± 0.51
1.87 ± 0.54
1.83 ± 0.47
0.961
Pre VAD PCWP (mmHg)
23.0 ± 9.6
22.7 ± 9.8
23.4 ± 9.4
0.463
Blood transfusions
23% (46/200)
18% (18/98)
27% (28/102)
0.250
Concomitant cardiac procedure
19% (39/200)
23% (23/98)
15% (16/102)
0.137
Table 2 Postoperative outcomes
Variable
Total (n = 200)
BTT (n = 98)
DT (n = 102)
P value
Postoperative ICU stay (d)
195 10.7 ± 10.4
95 10.2 ± 7.7
100 11.2 ± 12.5
0.833
Overall length of stay (d)
198 21.4 ± 14.3
98 20.8 ± 12.9
100 22.1 ± 15.6
0.517
Readmitted within 30 d
26.5% (53/200)
26.0 (25/96)
27% (28/102)
0.725
Reexploration for bleeding
15% (31/200)
10% (10/98)
5% (6/102)
0.040
DL infection
7% (15/200)
9% (9/98)
5% (6/102)
0.386
Pocket infection
1% (2/200)
1% (1/98)
1% (1/102)
0.493
Pneumonia
7% (15/200)
9% (9/98)
5% (6/102)
0.375
Hemorrhagic stroke
10% (21/200)
9% (9/98)
11% (12/102)
0.432
Emboli stroke
5% (10/200)
6% (6/98)
3% (4/102)
0.493
VDRF
9% (19/200)
10% (10/98)
8% (9/102)
0.774
Tracheostomy
2% (5/200)
1% (1/98)
3% (4/102)
0.369
Dialysis
2% (5/200)
3% (3/98)
1% (2/102)
0.680
GIB
21% (43/200)
17% (17/98)
25% (26/102)
0.289
Reoperation for Al
2% (4/200)
4% (4/98)
0% (0/102)
0.058
RV failure
19% (38/200)
15% (15/98)
22% (23/102)
0.192
RV failure requiring milrinone
13% (26/200)
9% (9/98)
16% (17/102)
0.103
RV failure requiring RVAD
6% (12/200)
6% (6/98)
5% (6/102)
0.803
Heart transplant
27% (55/200)
45% (45/98)
10% (10/102)
0.001
Duration of support (d)
581.0 ± 517.9
554.8 ± 535.0
606.4 ± 502.1
0.253
Table 3 Outcomes for bridge to transplan and destination therapy patients
Variable
Patients (%)
BTT
Died
28.6 (28/98)
Ongoing
25.5 (25/98)
Transplant
45.9 (45/98)
DT
Died
34.3 (35/102)
Ongoing
54.8 (56/102)
Transplant
9.8 (10/102)
Table 4 Hemodymanic measurements pre and post left ventricular assist device at 6 mo
Variables
Pre VAD
Post VAD
P value
CVP (mmHg)
12 ± 6
8 ± 4.5
0.001
PAPs (mmHg)
53.52 ± 13.76
36.03 ± 11.85
0.001
PAPd (mmHg)
26.15 ± 9.50
16.11 ± 6.24
0.001
CI (L/min per square meter)
1.78 ± 0.39
2.52 ± 0.60
0.001
PCWP (mmHg)
25.09 ± 10.05
11.93 ± 7.84
0.001
LVEDD (mm)
71.70 ± 13.61
57.45 ± 15.3
0.001
LVEF (%)
16 ± 7.90
21 ± 9.00
0.017
Table 5 Multiple cox proportional hazard models
Variable
HR 95%CI
P value
Backwards stepwise model
Albumin
0.64 (0.27, 1.52)
0.310
Length of stay
0.85 (0.62, 1.17)
0.319
CPB time
1.05 (0.98, 1.14)
0.175
CRI
1.13 (0.44, 2.91)
0.804
PVD
0.95 (0.30, 3.03)
0.931
Vented
0.93 (0.17, 4.97)
0.929
Creatinine
0.77 (0.37, 1.63)
0.495
PreVAD AST
1.03 (1.00, 1.07)
0.072
1.03 (1.01, 1.05) 0.01
PreVAD ALT
1.02 (1.00, 1.05)
0.064
1.02 (1.01, 1.04) 0.02
Blood transfusion
1.19 (0.45, 3.14)
0.732
ICU stay
0.80 (0.52, 1.24)
0.320
Reexploration
1.70 (0.50, 5.79)
0.794
VDRF
4.92 (1.62, 14.93)
0.005
3.05 (1.41, 6.59) 0.005
Tracheostomy
5.53 (0.65, 46.78)
0.116
4.54 (1.35, 15.32) 0.015
RV failure
0.45 (0.09, 2.26)
0.330
RVAD
8.90 (1.30, 61.06)
0.066
3.64 (1.59, 8.36) 0.002
Age
1.02 (0.95, 1.12 )
0.176
Gender
0.75 (0.66, 1.56 )
0.321
Resternotomy
1.31 (0.83, 4.55)
0.673
Etiology of heart failure
1.23 (0.59, 4.08)
0.512
Citation: Tsiouris A, Paone G, Nemeh HW, Borgi J, Williams CT, Lanfear DE, Morgan JA. Short and long term outcomes of 200 patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. World J Cardiol 2015; 7(11): 792-800