Are there ways to attenuate arterial calcification and improve cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease?

Table 1 Studies related to therapies that may influence arterial calcification and patient outcomes

Ref.	Subjects	n	Study type	Intervention	Follow-up(mo)	Results
Braun et al[38]	HD	114	RCT	Sevalamer vs calcium	12	↓ CAC and AC
Chertow et al[36]	HD	200	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	12	↓ CAC
Kakuta et al[37]	HD	183	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	12	↓ CAC
Suki et al[40]	HD	2103	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	19	↔ mortality
Block et al[2]	Incident HD	127	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	44	↓ mortality
Di lorio et al[39]	Incident HD	466	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	24	↓ mortality
Block et al[42]	Non-dialysis CKD	148	RCT	Sevelamer, lanthanum, calcium vs placebo	9	↑ CAC and AC
Di lorio et al[41]	Non-dialysis CKD	212	RCT	Sevelamer vs calcium	24	↓ mortality
Lemos et al[43]	Non-dialysis CKD	38	RCT	Rosuvastatin, sevelamer vs no drug	24	↔ CAC
Toussaint et al[49]	HD	45	RCT	Lanthanum vs calcium	18	↓ AC
Wilson et al[50]	HD	1354	RCT	Lanthanum vs calcium	27	↔ mortality
Spiegel et al[58]	HD	7	Observational	Combined magnesium-calcium	18	↔ CAC
Kalanter-Zadeh et al[111]	HD	58058	Retrospective	Paricalcitol vs no drug	24	↓ mortality
Naves-Diaz et al[112]	HD	16004	Retrospective	Alfacalcidol or calcitriol vs no drug	16	↓ mortality
Shoji et al[113]	HD	242	Prospective	Alfacalcidol vs no drug	61	↓ CVD mortality
Tentori et al[114]	HD	38066	Retrospective	Active vitamin D vs no drug	60	↓ mortality
Melamed et al[115]	Incident HD and PD	1007	Prospective	Calcitriol vs no drug	30	↓ mortality
Teng et al[116]	Incident HD	51037	Retrospective	Active D vs no drug	24	↓ mortality
Tentori et al[117]	Incident HD	14967	Retrospective	Calcitriol vs paricalcitol vs doxercalciferol vs no drug	37	↓ mortality in all active D groups compared to no drug
Kovesdy et al[118]	Non-dialysis CKD	520	Retrospective	Calcitriol vs no drug	24	↓ mortality
Shoben et al[119]	Non-dialysis CKD	1418	Retrospective	Calcitriol vs no drug	24	↓ mortality
Sugiura et al[120]	Non-dialysis CKD	665	Retrospective	Alfacalcidol vs no drug	55	↓ CVD events and mortality
Thadhani et al[75]	Non-dialysis CKD	227	RCT	Paricalcitol vs placebo	48	↔ left ventricular mass index
Tamez et al[76]	Non-dialysis CKD	196	RCT	Paricalcitol vs placebo	48	↓ left atrial volume index
Raggi et al[80]	HD	360	RCT	Cinacalcet + active D vs active D	12	↓ CAC and aortic valve calcification
Chertow et al[83]	HD	3883	RCT	Cinacalcet vs placebo	21	↔ CVD events or mortality
Hashiba et al[88]	HD	18	RCT	Etidronate vs no drug	6	↓ AC
Nitta et al[87]	HD	35	Observational	Etidronate	12	↓ CAC
Kawahara et al[91]	GP	108	RCT	Atorvastatin vs etidronate vs both	12	↓ thoracic and abdominal aortic plaques in combined therapy
Adirekkiat et al[33]	HD	32	Prospective	STS vs no drug	9	↓ CAC
Mathews et al[98]	HD	22	Observational	STS	5	↓ CAC

n: Number of patients; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; CAC: Coronary calcification; AC: Aortic calcification; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; STS: Sodium thiosulfate.