Acute myocardial infarction: Clinical features and outcomes in young adults in Singapore

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients

	Overall (n = 333)	Malay (n = 59)	Chinese (n = 171)	Indian (n = 103)	P value
Mean age at presentation (yr)	40.2 ± 4.0 (25-45)	40.3 ± 4.8 (25-45)	40.4 ± 3.6 (30-45)	39.9 ± 4.2 (26-45)	0.62
Male:female	329:23 (93.5:6.5)	53:6 (89.8:10.2)	160:11 (93.6:6.4)	100:3 (97.1:2.9)	0.06
Ever smoker	246 (73.8)	48 (81.4)	127 (74.3)	71 (68.9)	0.08
Hypertension	95 (28.5)	15 (25.4)	54 (31.6)	26 (25.2)	0.78
Hyperlipidemia	66 (19.8)	10 (16.9)	32 (18.7)	24 (23.3)	0.28
Diabetes	55 (16.5)	10 (16.9)	23 (13.5)	22 (21.4)	0.31
Mean BMI (kg/m2)	26.1 ± 3.8	26.2 ± 4.7	25.8 ± 3.6	26.7 ± 3.7	0.15
Newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia	93 (27.9)	19 (32.3)	49 (28.7)	25 (24.3)	0.26
Newly diagnosed diabetes	43 (12.9)	3 (5.1)	23 (13.5)	17 (16.5)	0.047a
Newly diagnosed hypertension	9 (2.7)	5 (8.5)	2 (1.2)	2 (1.9)	0.04a
Mean total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.6 ± 1.2	5.9 ± 1.1	5.6 ± 1.2	5.5 ± 1.3	0.16
Mean LDL (mmol/L)	3.8 ± 1.1	4.1 ± 1.1	3.7 ± 1.0	3.8 ± 1.1	0.08
Mean HDL (mmol/L)	0.93 ± 0.25	0.92 ± 0.22	0.95 ± 0.27	0.89 ± 0.22	0.14
Mean HBa1c (mmol/L)	7.7 ± 2.3	7.7 ± 2.3	7.4 ± 2.3	8.15 ± 2.4	0.04a
LVEF (%)	44 ± 10	41 ± 10	45 ± 9	43 ± 11	0.008a
Creatine kinase (IU/L)	2227 ± 2389	1870 ± 2064	2350 ± 2656	2220 ± 2055	0.41
Troponin (ng/mL)	36 ± 34	32 ± 34	36 ± 34	38 ± 33	0.55

^aP < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; HBa1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 2 Clinical presentation, angiographic findings, procedural variables and clinical outcomes (in-hospital) of patients

	Overall (n = 333)	Malay (n = 59)	Chinese (n = 171)	Indian (n = 103)	P value
Presentation
Anterior STEMI	109 (32.7)	19 (32.2)	59 (34.5)	31 (30.1)	0.68
Inferior/posterior STEMI	112 (33.6)	14 (23.7)	59 (34.5)	39 (37.9)	0.08
NSTEMI	112 (33.6)	26 (44.1)	53 (31.0)	33 (32.0)	0.18
Number of diseased vessels on angiography
0	14 (4.2)	1 (1.7)	10 (5.8)	3 (2.9)	0.95
1	153 (45.9)	23 (39)	78 (45.6)	52 (50.5)	0.15
2	88 (26)	18 (30.5)	45 (26.3)	25 (24.3)	0.40
3	78 (23.4)	17 (28.8)	38 (22.2)	23 (22.3)	0.40
Left main	11 (3.3)	2 (3.4)	8 (4.7)	1 (1.0)	0.27
Procedural variables
DES:BMS	80:162 (33:67)	11:26 (29.7:70.3)	45:79 (36.3:63.7)	24:57 (29.6:70.4)	0.75
Mean number of stents	1.32 ± 0.65	1.41 ± 0.72	1.37 ± 0.69	1.21 ± 0.52	0.14
Mean stent diameter,mm	3.05 ± 0.64	3.03 ± 0.72	3.13 ± 0.57	2.94 ± 0.69	0.11
Stent length,mm	21.7 ± 6.9	21.4 ± 7.3	22.4 ± 7.1	20.8 ± 6.4	0.25
Clinical outcomes
All-cause mortality	4 (1.2)	0 (0)	2 (1.2)	2 (1.9)	0.27
Congestive heart failure	10 (3.0)	2 (3.4)	3 (1.8)	5 (4.9)	0.43
Major arrhythmic event	24 (7.2)	1 (1.7)	17 (9.9)	6 (5.8)	0.32
Cardiogenic shock	15 (4.5)	0 (0)	9 (5.3)	6 (5.8)	0.12

STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction; DES: Drug eluting stent; BMS: Bare metal stent.