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©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Cardiol. Apr 26, 2012; 4(4): 112-120
Published online Apr 26, 2012. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v4.i4.112
Published online Apr 26, 2012. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v4.i4.112
Table 1 Top five causes of deaths in India classified according to areas of residence and gender
Rank | India (all age groups) | Economically backward states | Economically advanced states | Rural populations | Urban populations | Men | Women | Middle-age (25-69 yr) |
1 | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular |
2 | COPD, asthma | Diarrhea | COPD, asthma | COPD, asthma | Cancers | COPD, asthma | Diarrhea | COPD, asthma |
3 | Diarrhea | Respiratory infections | Cancers | Diarrhea | COPD, asthma | Tuberculosis | COPD, asthma | Tuberculosis |
4 | Perinatal | COPD, asthma | Senility | Perinatal | Tuberculosis | Diarrhea | Respiratory infections | Cancers |
5 | Respiratory infections | Perinatal | Diarrheas | Respiratory infections | Senility | Perinatal | Senility | Ill-defined |
Table 2 Population attributable risks (%) of various cardiovascular risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke in [11,12]
Risk factor | INTERHEART(acute myocardial infarction) | INTERSTROKE(thrombotic or hemorrhagic strokes) |
Apolipoprotein A/B ratio | 49.2 | 24.9 |
Hypertension | 17.9 (history) | 34.6 |
Smoking | 35.7 | 18.9 |
Diabetes history | 9.9 | 5.0 |
High waist-hip ratio | 20.1 | 26.5 |
Psychosocial stress | 32.5 | 9.8 |
Regular physical activity | 12.2 | 28.5 |
Diet/diet score | 13.7 | 18.8 |
Lack of alcohol intake | 6.7 | 3.8 |
Cardiac causes | - | 6.7 |
Table 3 Recent studies of hypertension prevalence in India
First author | Year | Place | Age (yr) | Sample size | Prevalence (%) |
Urban Populations | |||||
Gupta R | 1995 | Jaipur | ≥ 20 | 2212 | 30.9 |
Anand MP | 2000 | Mumbai | 30-60 | 1662 | 34.0 |
Gupta R | 2002 | Jaipur | ≥ 20 | 1123 | 33.4 |
Shanthirani CS | 2003 | Chennai | ≥ 20 | 1262 | 21.1 |
Gupta PC | 2004 | Mumbai | ≥ 35 | 88 653 | 47.9 |
Prabhakaran D | 2005 | Delhi | 20-59 | 2935 | 30.0 |
Reddy KS | 2006 | National | 20-69 | 19 973 | 27.2 |
Mohan V | 2007 | Chennai | ≥ 20 | 2350 | 20.0 |
Kaur P | 2007 | Chennai | 18-69 | 2262 | 27.2 |
Yadav S | 2008 | Lucknow | ≥ 30 | 1746 | 32.2 |
Rural Populations | |||||
Gupta R | 1994 | Rajasthan | ≥ 20 | 3148 | 16.9 |
Kusuma Y | 2004 | Andhra | ≥ 20 | 1316 | 21.0 |
Hazarika NC | 2004 | Assam | ≥ 30 | 3180 | 33.3 |
Krishnan A | 2008 | Haryana | 15-64 | 2828 | 9.3 |
Todkar SS | 2009 | Maharashtra | ≥ 20 | 1297 | 7.2 |
Bhardwaj R | 2010 | Himachal | ≥ 18 | 1092 | 35.9 |
By Y | 2010 | Karnataka | ≥ 18 | 1900 | 18.3 |
Kinra S | 2010 | National | 20-69 | 1983 | 20.0 |
Table 4 Risk factor prevalence (%) among men and women (15-64 years) in 8 Indian states in Indian Council of Medical Research Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance Study[25]
Risk factor | Andhra Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Mizoram | Kerala | Tamilnadu | Uttarakhand | |||||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Numbers | 2719 | 3499 | 2857 | 2996 | 3084 | 3007 | 2297 | 2198 | 1710 | 3128 | 2077 | 3028 | 2147 | 3286 |
Current smoking | 31.5 | 4.0 | 41.2 | 0.9 | 15.9 | 2.5 | 67 | 18.8 | 27.3 | 0.2 | 27.4 | 0.0 | 35.2 | 5.0 |
Smokeless tobacco use | 13.6 | 4.5 | 53.8 | 22.6 | 40.7 | 23.6 | 46.5 | 55.4 | 7.0 | 3.4 | 13.6 | 8.4 | 21.0 | 2.2 |
Low physical activity | 55.9 | 79.7 | 33.5 | 52.0 | 75.4 | 87.7 | 60.9 | 82.4 | 64.7 | 86.2 | 57.3 | 74.2 | 64.6 | 69.7 |
Obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 19.4 | 8.2 | 13.1 | 10.3 | 27.1 | 22.6 | 14.5 | |||||||
Hypertension | 16.6 | 21.1 | 20.1 | 19.4 | 18.0 | 17.7 | 18.8 | |||||||
Diabetes history | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
Table 5 Greater prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among urban women in India[24]
Variable | Urban (n = 2008) | Rural (n = 2616) | Age-adjusted urban-rural relative risk (95% CI) |
Smoking/tobacco use | |||
Current users | 326 (19.6) | 871 (41.6) | 0.35 (0.18-0.65)1 |
Smoking | 14 (0.7) | 276 (10.6) | 0.09 (0.01-0.70) |
Non-smoked tobacco use | 325 (16.2) | 607 (23.2) | 0.64 (0.31-1.30) |
Sedentary lifestyle PALs < 1.55 units | 1406 (71.0) | 1558 (60.1) | 1.63 (0.90-2.94) |
Overweight/obesity | |||
BMI 23.0-24.99 kg/m2 | 355 (11.6) | 324 (12.5) | 0.91 (0.40-2.11) |
BMI 25.0-29.99 kg/m2 | 640 (31.7) | 451 (16.8) | 2.30 (1.12-3.47)1 |
BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 288 (13.9) | 152 (5.7) | 2.55 (1.61-3.49)1 |
Truncal obesity | |||
WHR > 0.9 | 880 (44.3) | 318 (13.03) | 5.26 (2.61-10.63)1 |
Waist circumference > 90 cm | 638 (31.4) | 226 (8.4) | 5.17 (2.24-11.94)1 |
Hypertension | 925 (48.2) | 746 (31.6) | 1.96 (1.10-3.49)1 |
Hypercholesterolemia ≥ 200 mg/dL | 552 (27.7) | 322 (13.5) | 2.39 (1.17-4.88)1 |
Diabetes (history or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL) | 292 (15.1) | 98 (4.3) | 4.24 (1.35-13.26)1 |
- Citation: Gupta R, Guptha S, Sharma KK, Gupta A, Deedwania P. Regional variations in cardiovascular risk factors in India: India heart watch. World J Cardiol 2012; 4(4): 112-120
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v4/i4/112.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v4.i4.112