Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review

Table 1 Events in the first 21 years of blood pressure and hypertension research in Nigeria (1961-1981)

No.	Author	Year	Comments
1	Abrahams et al[11]	1961	First population based study of blood pressure in the country. Studied the systemic blood pressure of rural Nigerians resident in Ilora
2	Monekosso[82]	1964	Reported some cases in a clinical survey of a village in South West Nigeria
3	Smith[28]	1966	Studied blood pressure of urban inhabitants in Lagos
4	Akinkugbe[56]	1968	Documented the rarity of hypertensive retinopathy in Nigerians
5	Akinkugbe et al[57]	1968	Reported on the rarer causes of hypertension in Nigeria
6	Akinkugbe et al[9]	1968	Wrote on arterial blood pressure in rural Nigerians in Eruwa
7	Akinkugbe[58]	1969	Reported on the hypertensives diseases in Ibadan , Nigeria
8	Akinkugbe[60]	1969	Wrote on antihypertensive therapy in the African context
9	Ojo et al[83]	1969	Studied hypertension in pregnancy
10	Akinkugbe[59]	1969	Reported on the result of his survey of blood pressures in school children
11	Cole et al[63]	1970	First documented drug trial (Declinax) in hypertensive Nigerians
12	Brockington[84]	1971	Reported on postpartum hypertensive heart failure
13	Johnson[52]	1971	Reported on his study of blood pressure in rural areas around Lagos
14	Carlisle[85]	1971	Reported on the remission of hypertension in some Nigerians
15	Salako[64]	1971	First trial of oral thiazides
16	Salako[65]	1971	Reported on serum electrolytes in hypertensive Nigerians
17	Salako[66]	1972	Reported on electrolyte changes following thiazide therapy in hypertensive Nigerians
18	Osuntokun et al[73,74]	1972	Seminal work on hypertension in diabetic Nigerians
19	Salako et al[67]	1973	Evaluated the usefulness of Moduretic in the treatment of hypertension in Nigerians
20	Akinkugbe et al[61]	1974	Reported on the experience with beta blockers in hypertension management
21	Aderele[86]	1974	Documented on hypertension in Nigerian children
22	Akinkugbe[87]	1976	Studied blood pressure in non-pregnant women
23	Falase et al[70]	1976	Demonstrated lack of effect of low dose prazosin in hypertensive Nigerians
24	Etta et al[88]	1976	Assessed the relation of blood pressure to indices of obesity
25	Olatunbosun et al[89]	1976	Evaluated the relation of blood pressure to heavy metals
26	Jain et al[90]	1977	Reported on the incidence of hypertension in Abuth Zaria
27	Akinkugbe et al[62]	1977	Conducted a biracial study of blood pressure in school children
28	Olatunde et al[91]	1977	Trial of beta blockers in hypertensive Nigerians
29	Osuntokun et al[75,76]	1977	Demonstrated through hospital registry and population based studies that hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke in Nigeria
30	Abdurrahman et al[92]	1978	Studied blood pressure in school children in Northern Nigeria
31	Mabadeje[93]	1979	Conducted a trial of chlorthalidone in hypertensive Nigerians
32	Falase et al[71,72]	1979	Documented poor response of hypertensive Nigerians to Beta blockers monotherapy
33	Alakija[94]	1979	Pilot study of hypertension in Benin City
34	Abengowe et al[95]	1980	Reported on the pattern of hypertension in Northern Savannah
35	Oviasu et al[32-35]	1980	Document on blood pressure and hypertension in urban city of Benin/ Occupational factors in hypertension
36	Ladipo[96]	1981	Carried out a study on hypertensive retinopathy in Ile-Ife

Table 2 Prevalence of hypertension in 38 studies in Nigeria (1960-2011)

No.	First author	Year	Study location	State	Region	BP cut off	Target population	Setting	Sample size	% all	% men	% women
1	Abrahams et al[11]	1960	Ilora	Oyo	SW	160/90	Community based	Rural	457	13.3	NA	NA
2	Smith[28]	1961	Lagos	Lagos	SW	160/95	Hospital based	Urban	207	8.8	9.5	7.9
3	Akinkugbe et al[9,10]	1968	Eruwa	Oyo	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural	3602	10.1	9.1	11.2
4	Johnson[52]	1971	Lagos	Lagos	SW	160/95	Community based	Urban	1392	8.9	7.9	9.9
5	Jain et al[90]	1977	Kaduna	Kaduna	NW	160/95	Hospital based	Urban	2950	3.8	2.9	4.9
6	Oviasu et al[32,33]	1978	Isi-uwa	Edo	SS	160/100	Community based	Rural	1482	2.1	2.8	0.5
7	Oviasu et al[34,35]	1980	Benin city	Edo	SS	140/90	Civil servants	Urban	1265	13.3	14	10
8	Idahosa[110]	1987	Benin city	Edo	SS	140/90	Civil servants	Urban	1450	15.1	NA	NA
9	Ogunlesi et al[12]	1991	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	160/95	Male factory workers	Urban	541	8
10	Ekpo et al[36]	1992	Calabar	Cross river	SS	160/95	Civil servants, factory workers, plantain workers	Urban	4382	8.1	8.9	3.5
11	Bunker et al[111]	1992	Benin city	Edo	SS	140/90	Civil servants	Urban	559	20-43	21.6	12.5
12	Kaufman et al[16]	1996	Ibadan	Eyo	SW	140/90	Community based	Urban	205	11
13	Kaufman et al[17]	1996	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	140/90 (160/95)	Rural farmers/urban poor/retired railway workers	Rural/urban	598	14,25,29 (3,11,14)	-	-
14	Cooper et al[112]	1997	National	National	National	140/90	Community based	Rural	2509	14.5	14.7	14.3
15	Akinkugbe[113]	1997	National	National	National	160/95	Community based	Rural/urban	4930	10.7
16	Owoaje et al[14]	1997	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	140/90	Community based	Urban	247	23.4	22.2	24.3
17	Kadiri et al[114]	1999	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	160/95	Civil servants	Urban	917	9.3	9.8	8
18	Olatunbosun et al[13]	2000	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	160/95	Civil servants	Urban	998	10.3	13.9	5.3
19	Lawoyin et al[20]	2002	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	140/90	Community cohort	Urban	2144	12.4	12.1	12.7
20	Onyemelukwe[115]	2003	Lagos	Lagos	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural/urban	1082	SHT 22.5, DHT 24.7	NA	NA
21	Akinkugbe[116]	2003	Lagos	Lagos	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural/urban	1018	34.8	36.2	33.5
22	Erhun et al[117]	2005	Ile-ife	Osun	SW	140/90	University community	Urban	1000	21	23.3	16.4
23	Oghagbon et al[118]	2008	Ilorin	Kwara	NC	140/90	Factory workers	Urban	281	27.1	28.4	22.9
24	Omuemu et al[98]	2007	Udo	Edo	SS	140/90	Community based	Rural	590	20.2	26.2	13.2
25	Ukoh[119]	2007	Benin city	Edo	SS	140/90	Hospital based	Urban	2852	20.2	NA	NA
26	Nwankwo et al[41]	2008	Maiduguri	Borno	NE	140/90	Community based	Rural/urban	224	40 (urban), 27.8 (rural)
27	Adedoyin et al[31]	2008	Ile-ife	Osun	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural	2250	18.7	15.5	21
28	Ekore et al[21]	2009	Ibadan	Oyo	SW	140/90	Hospital based	Urban	405	30.6	34.4	28.2
29	Ulasi et al[26]	2010	Njodo Nike, Enugu	Enugu	SE	140/90	Community based	Semi-urban/rural	1939	35.4 (urban), 25.1 (rural)	NA	NA
30	Ekwunife et al[99]	2010	Nsukka	Enugu	SE	140/90	Community based	Urban	756	30	40.3	24.7
31	Sani et al[39]	2010	Katsina	Katsina	NW	140/90	Hospital based	Urban	300	25.7	27.9	24
32	Adegoke et al[30]	2010	Ile-ife	Osun	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural	132
33	Oladapo et al[22]	2010	Egbeda	Oyo	SW	140/90	Community based	Rural	2000	20.8	21.1	20.5
34	Ahaneku et al[27]	2011	NA	Enugu	SE	140/90	Community based	Rural	218	44.5	49.5	42.3
35	Onwubere et al[24]	2011	Ezeagu	Enugu	SE	140/90	Community based	Rural	858	46.4	31.2	68.8
36	Ejim et al[23]	2011	Imezi owa,	Enugu	SE	140/90	Community based	Rural (middle age/elderly)	858		50.2	44.8
37	Ulasi et al[25]	2011	Enugu	Enugu	SE	140/90	Traders	Urban	731	42	46.3	37.7
38	Hendriks et al[120]	2011	Afon and Ajasse Ipo	Kwara	NC	140/90	Community based	Rural	2678	19.3	NA	NA
39	Isezuo et al[40]	2011	Sokoto	Sokoto	NW	140/90	Community based	Rural	782	24.8	25.9	23.6
40	Andy et al[37]	2012	CRS/AK	CRS/AK	SS	140/90	Community Based	Rural	3869	23.6	31.2	18.1
41	Onwuchekwa et al[38]	2012	Kegbara-Dere	Rivers	SS	140/90	Community based	Rural	1078	18.3	-	-
42	Odugbemi et al[121]	2012	Lagos	Lagos	SW	140/90	Traders	Urban	400	34.8	-	-
43	Ogah et al[42]	2012	Abia	Abia	SE	140/90	Community	Rural/urban	2983	SHT 31.4, DHT 22.5	Rural: SHT 33.5, DHT 23.4; Urban: SHT 33.6, DHT 20.6	Rural: SHT 30.5, DHT 25.4; Urban: SHT 26.4, DHT 18.4

SW: South west; SE: South east; SS: South south; NW: North west; NE: North east; NC: North central; NA: Not available; SHT: Systolic hypertension; DHT: Diastolic hypertension; BP: Blood pressure.