Chronic cola drinking induces metabolic and cardiac alterations in rats

Table 1 Body weight, systolic blood pressure, biochemical and echocardiographic data of rats at baseline (n = 16) (mean ± SD)

	W	C	L
Body weight (g)	390 ± 6	393 ± 6	395 ± 5
SBP (mmHg)	127 ± 7	127 ± 10	120 ± 11
Glucose (mg/dL)	110 ± 3	112 ± 3	111 ± 3
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	72 ± 9	70 ± 10	72 ± 8
LVDD (mm)	6.2 ± 0.5	6.3 ± 0.6	6.8 ± 0.5
RWTh	0.34 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.03	0.34 ± 0.06
ESD (mm)	2.7 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.5
IVSd (mm)	0.84 ± 0.15	0.93 ± 0.09	0.91 ± 0.12
LVPWd (mm)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.3
LVPWs (mm)	2.6 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.3
HR (bpm)	447 ± 45	421 ± 69	425 ± 49
Aorta (mm)	2.7 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.3	2.8 ± 0.4
LA (mm)	2.5 ± 0.3	2.7 ± 0.6	2.8 ± 0.4
Sf (%)	55.6 ± 6.9	56.8 ± 8.8	51.7 ± 4.9
EDV (mL)	0.21 ± 0.05	0.22 ± 0.06	0.27 ± 0.06
ESV (mL)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
Ef (%)	90.7 ± 3.7	91.0 ± 5.5	88.4 ± 3.5
SV (mL)	0.19 ± 0.05	0.20 ± 0.06	0.24 ± 0.05
CO (mL/min)	83.2 ± 20.1	85.5 ± 32.22	88.6 ± 23.8

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; LVDD: Left ventricular diastolic dimension; RWTh: Relative wall thickness; ESD: End-systolic dimension; IVSd: Interventricular septal end-diastolic dimension; LVPWd: Left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall dimension; LVPWs: Left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall dimension; HR: Heart rate; Aorta: Aorta diameter; LA: Left atrial dimension; Sf: Shortening fraction; EDV: End diastolic volume; ESV: End systolic volume; Ef: Ejection fraction; CO: Cardiac output; SV: Systolic volume.

Table 2 Body weight and nutritional facts (food, liquid, calories and sodium daily intake per 100 g body weight) after treatment and washout periods (mean ± SD)

	Treatment (6 mo)			Washout (12 mo)
	W6 (n = 15)	C6 (n = 14)	L6 (n = 15)	W12 (n = 7)	C12 (n = 6)	L12 (n = 8)
Body Weight (g)	626 ± 8	669 ± 9b	630 ± 9	689 ± 10d	703 ± 27	699 ± 61
Intake (mL or g/100 g BW)
Liquid	8.7 ± 1.2	14.7 ± 2.8c	8.5 ± 1.7	7.1 ± 1.1	11.3 ± 1.8cd	6.5 ± 1.5
Solid	4.9 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 0.6c	5.1 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.6a	4.9 ± 0.6a
Energy (Kcal/100 g BW)
Liquid	0	6.17 ± 0.5c	0.09 ± 0.00	0	0	0
Solid	14.7 ± 1.1	10.2 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 0.9	16.5 ± 1.0	11.4 ± 0.9	14.7 ± 0.9
Total	14.7 ± 1.1	16.4 ± 1.2b	15.4 ± 0.9	16.5 ± 1.5	11.4 ± 1.1d	14.7 ± 0.9
Sodium (mg/100 g BW)
Liquid	0	0.59 ± 0.2c	0.34 ± 0.1c	0	0	0
Solid	9.8 ± 1.0	6.8 ± 0.7a	10.2 ± 0.9	11.0 ± 0.1	7.6 ± 0.7	9.8 ± 1.0
Total	9.8 ± 1.0	7.4 ± 1.2	10.5 ± 1.0	11.0 ± 0.1	7.6 ± 0.7a	9.8 ± 1.0

Calculations based on: (1) kcal/g or mL: 3 (food), 0.42 (Coke) and 0.01 (Light coke); (2) Na⁺ mg/g or mL: 2 (food), 0.075 (Coke or Light coke).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001 vs W for the same period (i.e. treatment or washout);

^dP < 0.01 vs respective group after treatment.

Table 3 Systolic blood pressure and biochemical data at 6 and 12 mo (mean ± SD)

	Treatment (6 mo)			Washout (12 mo)
	W (n = 15)	C (n = 14)	L (n = 15)	W (n = 7)	C (n = 6)	L (n = 8)
SBP (mmHg)	134 ± 2	145 ± 3b	135.5 ± 2	131 ± 9	142.5 ± 15	144 ± 8
Glycemia (mg/dL)	128 ± 3	139 ± 3a	126 ± 3	128 ± 10.5	127 ± 34	119 ± 16
Triglyceridemia (mg/dL)	90 ± 9c	196 ± 24b	107 ± 20	132 ± 73	206.5 ± 77a	149 ± 60

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs W group;

^cP < 0.05 vs same group after washout. SBP: Systolic blood pressure.

Table 4 Echocardiographic parameters at 6 and 12 mo (mean ± SD)

	Treatment (6 mo)			Washout (12 mo)
	W (n = 15)	C (n = 14)	L (n = 15)	W (n = 7)	C (n = 6)	L (n = 8)
LVDD (mm)	6.8 ± 0.4	7.4 ± 0.3a	7.3 ± 0.5a	7.2 ± 0.5	7.4 ± 0.4	7.8 ± 0.6
RWTh	0.40 ± 0.03c	0.37 ± 0.03a	0.36 ± 0.05a	0.35 ± 0.04	0.36 ± 0.02	0.35 ± 0.04
ESD (mm)	2.7 ± 0.5c	3.1 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.3
IVSd (mm)	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1
LVPWd (mm)	1.6 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.1
LVPWs (mm)	3.6 ± 0.6	3.6 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 0.5	3.7 ± 0.5
HR (bpm)	469 ± 36	470 ± 46	457 ± 44	469 ± 23	472 ± 26	452 ± 52
Aorta (mm)	3.5 ± 0.3	3.5 ± 0.3	3.5 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.1
LA (mm)	3.3 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.4	3.3 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.2
Sf (%)	59.9 ± 7.2	58.5 ± 8.6	57.2 ± 7.4	52.1 ± 4.6	54.3 ± 6.3	58.9 ± 2.9
EDV (mL)	0.27 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.04b	0.33 ± 0.06ac	0.32 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.06	0.41 ± 0.09b
ESV (mL)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
Ef (%)	93.0 ± 4	92.0 ± 4.9	91.5 ± 3.8	88.8 ± 2.9	90.1 ± 3.7	92.9 ± 1.4
SV (mL)	0.25 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.04a	0.31 ± 0.07a	0.28 ± 0.06	0.31 ± 0.07	0.37 ± 0.08a
CO (mL/min)	118 ± 21	148 ± 21a	138.5 ± 33	132 ± 26	146 ± 29	172 ± 46

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs W;

^cP < 0.05 vs same group after washout. LVDD: Left ventricular diastolic dimension; RWTh: Relative wall thickness; ESD: End-systolic dimension; IVSd: Interventricular septal end-diastolic dimension; LVPWd: Left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall dimension; LVPWs: Left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall dimension; HR: Heart rate; Aorta: Aorta diameter; LA: Left atrial dimension; Sf: Shortening fraction; EDV: End diastolic volume; ESV: End systolic volume; Ef: Ejection fraction; CO: Cardiac output; SV: Systolic volume.