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©2010 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Cardiol. Jul 26, 2010; 2(7): 187-197
Published online Jul 26, 2010. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i7.187
Published online Jul 26, 2010. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i7.187
Table 1 Effect of adrenergic gene polymorphisms on the predisposition to patients with heart failure
Gene/SNP | Ref. | Cases/controls | Ethnic group | Association | Risk allele frequency |
β adrenergic receptor type 1 | |||||
Arg389Gly | [50] | 201/141 | Mixed | No | 0.74 vs 0.76 |
[51] | 256/230 | Italian | No | 0.69 vs 0.73 | |
[52] | 189/378 | Italian | Yes | 0.74 vs 0.67 | |
[53] | 91/119 | Japanese | No | 0.80 vs 0.81 | |
[54] | 78/84 | African-American | No | 0.52 vs 0.56 | |
[54] | 81/105 | Caucasians | No | 0.74 vs 0.76 | |
[55] | 426/395 | French | No | 0.77 vs 0.75 | |
[56] | 403/429 | South Africans | No | 0.70 vs 0.69 | |
[57] | 260/230 | Italian | No | 0.69 vs 0.73 | |
Ser49Gly | [50] | 201/141 | Mixed | No | 0.15 vs 0.15 |
[58] | 184/77 | Swedish | No | 0.18 vs 0.13 | |
[52] | 189/378 | Italian | Yes | 0.14 vs 0.08 | |
[53] | 91/119 | Japanese | No | 0.16 vs 0.16 | |
β adrenergic receptor type 2 | |||||
Gly16Arg | [51] | 256/230 | Italian | No | 0.61 vs 0.60 |
[52] | 189/378 | Italian | Yes | 0.67 vs 0.59 | |
[59] | 259/212 | Mixed | No | 0.60 vs 0.63 | |
[60] | 520/328 | Mixed | Yes | 0.62 vs 0.59 | |
Gln27Glu | [51] | 256/230 | Italian | No | 0.32 vs 0.31 |
[52] | 189/378 | Italian | No | 0.38 vs 0.33 | |
[59] | 259/212 | Mixed | No | 0.44 vs 0.42 | |
[60] | 520/328 | Mixed | No | 0.42 vs 0.40 | |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | No | 0.41 vs 0.47 | |
Thr164Ile | [52] | 189/378 | Italian | No | 0.02 vs 0.01 |
[59] | 259/212 | Mixed | No | 0.02 vs 0.01 | |
[60] | 520/328 | Mixed | No | 0.01 vs 0.01 | |
5’LC-Arg19Cys | [52] | 189/378 | Italian | No | 0.36 vs 0.31 |
α adrenergic receptor type 2 | |||||
Del 322-325 | [53] | 91/119 | Japanese | Yes | 0.04 vs 0.11 |
[54] | 78/84 | African-Americans | Yes | 0.61 vs 0.41 | |
[54] | 81/105 | Caucasians | No | 0.10 vs 0.04 | |
[56] | 403/429 | South Africans | No | 1.00 vs 1.00 | |
G-protein receptor kinase 5 | |||||
Gln41Leu | [35] | 242/107 | African-Americans | No | 0.76 vs 0.77 |
[35] | 568/406 | European-Americans | No | 0.98 vs 0.99 |
Table 2 Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms on the predisposition to patients with heart failure
Gene/SNP | Ref. | Cases/controls | Ethnic group | Association | Risk allele frequency |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme | |||||
I/D | [62] | 214/79 | Caucasian | Yes | 0.58 vs 0.56 |
[63] | 193/77 | Swedish | No | 0.57 vs 0.56 | |
[64] | 229/230 | Italian | No | 0.58 vs 0.60 | |
[65] | 99/364 | Caucasian | No | 0.57 vs 0.54 | |
[66] | 157/225 | South-Africans | No | 0.64 vs 0.69 | |
[67] | 90/287 | Czech | No | 0.54 vs 0.57 | |
[68] | 79/102 | Chinese Han | No | 0.43 vs 0.40 | |
[69] | 104/183 | Chinese | No | 0.36 vs 0.37 | |
[70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.54 vs 0.57 | |
[71] | 88/122 | Japanese | No | 0.39 vs 0.36 | |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | No | 0.64 vs 0.62 | |
Angiotensinogen | |||||
M235T | [66] | 157/225 | South-Africans | No | 0.83 vs 0.87 |
[72] | 158/200 | Czech | No | 0.51 vs 0.43 | |
[72] | 40/63 (women) | Czech | Yes | 0.56 vs 0.39 | |
[70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.40 vs 0.43 | |
[71] | 88/122 | Japanese | No | 0.80 vs 0.80 | |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | Yes | 0.48 vs 0.31 | |
T174M | [70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.12 vs 0.14 |
[71] | 88/122 | Japanese | No | 0.05 vs 0.10 | |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | Yes | 0.18 vs 0.10 | |
G(-6)A | [72] | 158/200 | Czech | No | 0.59 vs 0.58 |
Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor | |||||
A1166C | [70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.28 vs 0.28 |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | No | 0.31 vs 0.33 | |
[73] | 193/77 | Swedish | No | 0.29 vs 0.30 | |
A-153G | [70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.16 vs 0.19 |
Aldosterone | |||||
T-344C | [66] | 157/225 | South-Africans | No | 0.21 vs 0.18 |
[70] | 433/401 | French | No | 0.43 vs 0.46 | |
[61] | 58/111 | Canadians | No | 0.39 vs 0.45 |
Table 3 Effect of adrenergic gene polymorphisms on survival of patients with heart failure
Ref. | Sample, design1 | Endpoints | Follow-up (mo) | Mortality rate (%) | SNP | Main findings |
β adrenergic receptor type 1 | ||||||
[15] | 10402 | AD, HZ | 48 | 19 | Arg389Gly | Increased survival in Arg389 homozygous treated with bucindolol |
[58] | 1843 | AD, HT | 24-60 | 38 | Ser49Gly | Decreased survival in Ser49Ser patients |
[76] | 6002 | AD, HZ | 7-17 | 26 | Arg389Gly | No association with endpoints |
[50] | 2013 | AD, CD | 18-62 | 28 | Arg389Gly, Ser49Gly | Increased survival in Arg389 allele carriers on high dose beta-blockers |
[77] | 4443 | CD, HT | 41 (median) | 25 | Arg389Gly, Ser49Gly | No association with endpoints |
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | Arg389Gly, Ser49Gly | No association with endpoints |
[79] | 6373 | AD, HT | 35 (mean) | 23 | Arg389Gly, Ser49Gly | No association with endpoints |
β adrenergic receptor type 2 | ||||||
[59] | 2593 | AD, HT | 22 (mean) | Gly16Arg, Gln27Glu, Thr164Ile | Increased risk of death in Thr164Ile patients | |
[77] | 4443 | CD, HT | 41 (median) | 25 | Gly16Arg, Thr164Ile | No association with endpoints |
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | Gly16Arg, Gln27Glu | Increased risk of death (haplotype) |
[80] | 313 | AD, HT | 24 | 3 | Thr164Ile | Worsening HF in Thr164Ile patients |
[81] | 4433 | AD | 36 (median) | Thr164Ile | Improved survival in Thr164Thr patients treated with beta-blockers | |
α adrenergic receptor type 2 | ||||||
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | Del322-325 | No association with endpoints |
[79] | 6373 | AD, HT | 35 (median) | 23 | Del322-325 | No association with endpoints |
[82] | 3453 | AD, HT | 60 (mean) | 18 | Del322-325 | Reduced risk of death and end-points |
G-protein kinase receptor 5 | ||||||
[35] | 3752 | AD, HT | 30 (mean) | Gln41Leu | Increased survival in Leu41 African-American patients treated with beta-blockers. No impact on Caucasians |
Table 4 Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms on survival of patients with heart failure
Ref. | Sample, design1 | Endpoints | Follow-up (mo) | Mortality rate (%) | SNP | Main findings |
Angiotensinogen | ||||||
[75] | 822 | AD, HZ | 12 | 24 | M235T | No association with endpoints |
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | M235T | No association with endpoints |
[83] | 4513 | AD | 48 | 49.7 | M235T, T174M | Increased mortality in 174M patients |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme | ||||||
[75] | 822 | AD, HZ | 12 | 24 | I/D | No association with endpoints |
[73] | 1943 | AD, HT | 60 | 42 | I/D | Increased risk of death in DD patients |
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | I/D | No association with endpoints |
[84] | 3283 | AD, HT | 3-38 | 23 | I/D | Decreased survival in D allele patients untreated with beta-blockers. No differences in treated patients |
[85] | 4793 | AD, HT | 3-62 | 28.6 | I/D | Decreased survival in D allele patients untreated with β-blockers. No differences in treated patients and decreased impact with high dose ACE inhibitors |
[86] | 3233 | AD, HZ | 10 (median) | 9.6 | I/D | Associated with severity of disease (NYHA class) |
Angiotensin-II receptor type 1 | ||||||
[73] | 1943 | AD, HT | 60 | 42 | A1166C | Not associated with end-points. Increased risk of mortality as haplotype (ACE DD) |
[75] | 822 | AD, HZ | 12 | 24 | A1166C | No correlation with mortality rate |
[78] | 2273 | AD, HT | 48 | 18 | A1166C | No association with endpoints |
Aldosterone | ||||||
[87] | 3542 | AD, HZ | 12 | 3.4 | -344 T/C | Decreased survival in C allele patients. Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine improved composite score in TT genotype but had no impact on C allele |
- Citation: Alves AJ, Eynon N, Oliveira J, Goldhammer E. RAAS and adrenergic genes in heart failure: Function, predisposition and survival implications. World J Cardiol 2010; 2(7): 187-197
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v2/i7/187.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v2.i7.187