Use of the impedance threshold device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Table 1 CPP values in diverse animal studies

First author	CPR method	CPP	↑CPP (%) with ITD	P-values
Lurie et al[36]	ACD-CPR	21 ± 3.6	47.6	< 0.05
	ACD-CPR + ITD	31 ± 2.3
Lurie et al[41]	S-CPR	14 ± 2	42.9	< 0.006
	S-CPR + ITD	20 ± 2
Raedler et al[44]	S-CPR	15 ± 2	93.3	< 0.001
	ACD-CPR + ITD	29 ± 3
Srinivasan et al[45]	S-CPR	17.4 ± 3	64.7	< 0.01
	ACD-CPR + ITD	28.3 ± 2
Metzger et al[46]	S-CPR	22.4 ± 1.6	31.8	< 0.05
	ACD-CPR + ITD	29.5 ± 2.7
Yannopoulos et al[47]	S-CPR	14 ± 3	128.6	< 0.01
	ACD-CPR + ITD	32 ± 5

CPP: Coronary perfusion pressure; ITD: Impedance threshold device; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ACD-CPR: Active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation; S-CPR: Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Table 2 ROSC in diverse animal and human studies

First author	CPR method	ROSC (%)	↑(%) with ITD	P-values
Animal studies
Lurie et al[36]	ACD-CPR	77.8	28.5	0.18
	ACD-CPR + ITD	100
Lurie et al[41]	S-CPR	18.2	199.5	< 0.05
	S-CPR+ITD	54.5
Raedler et al[44]	S-CPR	0
	ACD-CPR + ITD	42.9		0.06
Srinivasan et al[45]	S-CPR	37.5	166.7	< 0.05
	ACD-CPR + ITD	100
Matsuura et al[52]	S-CPR	83.3	20.0	-
	S-CPR + ITD	100
Human studies
Vartanian et al[53]	S-CPR	45.0	31.1	0.03
	S-CPR + ITD	59.0
Aufderheide et al[54]	S-CPR	33.8	12.1	0.022
	S-CPR + ITD	37.9
Plaisance et al[55]	ACD-CPR	20.0	82.0	0.4
	ACD-CPR + ITD	36.4
Wolcke et al[56]	S-CPR	37.0	48.6	0.016
	ACD-CPR + ITD	55.0

ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation.

Table 3 Patients discharged from hospitals with intact neurological function

First author	CPR method	Normal neurological function	P-values
Vartanian et al[53]	S-CPR	4/104	NS
	S-CPR + ITD	0/143
Plaisance et al[55]	ACD-CPR	1/10	0.9
	ACD-CPR + ITD	1/11
Wolcke et al[56]	S-CPR	4/75	0.4
	ACD-CPR + ITD	8/82
Plaisance et al[62]	ACD-CPR	1/8	0.1
	ACD-CPR + ITD	6/10

NS: Non significant.

Table 4 Hospital discharge rates in various human studies

First author	CPR method	Hospital discharge rates (%)	↑(%) with ITD	P-values
Thigpen et al[58]	S-CPR	17.2	62	0.034
	S-CPR + ITD	27.9
Davis et al[61]	S-CPR	20.7	73	< 0.001
	S-CPR + ITD	35.8
Aufderheide et al[54]	S-CPR	7.9	98	< 0.001
	S-CPR + ITD	15.7
Lurie et al[63]	S-CPR	9.3	83	0.0373
	S-CPR + ITD	17