Long-term outcomes of titanium-nitride-oxide coated stents and drug-eluting stents in acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Study characteristics

Study name	Year of publication	Study design	Study location	Sample size	Intervention	Control	Study outcomes	Follow-up duration
TIDE	2011	RCT	Switzerland	302	TiNO-coated stent	Zotarolimus-eluting stent	In-stent late lumen loss; MACE; death; cardiac death; MI; clinically-indicated TLR; clinically-indicated TVR; repeat vascularization; cardiac death or MI; stroke; cardiac death, MI, or clinically indicated TLR	5 years
BASE ACS	2016	RCT	Finland	827	TiNO-coated stent	Everolimus-eluting stent	MACE; cardiac death; non-cardiac death; total death; non-fatal MI; cardiac death or MI; ischemia-driven TLR; DST	5 years (median)
TITAX AMI	2013	RCT	Finland	425	TiNO-coated stent	Paclitaxel-eluting stent	MACE; cardiac death; recurrent MI; cardiac death or recurrent MI; ischemia-driven TLR; DST; all-cause death	5 years
TIDES ACS	2023	RCT	Five European countries	1491	TiNO-coated stent	Everolimus-eluting stent	Cardiac death; MI; ischemia-driven TLR; major bleeding; cardiac death or MI; stent thrombosis; non-cardiac death; all-cause death	5 years

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; TiNO: Titanium-nitride-oxide; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular event; MI: Myocardial infarction; TLR: Target lesion revascularization; TVR: Target vessel revascularization; DST: Definite stent thrombosis.

Table 2 Baseline patient, procedural, and angiographic characteristics, n (%)

		TIDE (2011)	BASE ACS (2016)	TITAX AMI (2013)	TIDES ACS (2023)
Sample size n (TiNOS/DES)		302 (152/150)	827 (417/410)	425 (214/211)	1491 (989/502)
Age (yr), mean ± SD	TiNOS	65.9 ± 9.0	62.9 ± 12.0	64 ± 11	62.7 ± 10.9
	DES	63.4 ± 10.5	63.0 ± 11.8	64 ± 11	62.6 ± 10.5
Male sex, n	TiNOS	124	317	162	745
	DES	118	312	157	383
Female sex, n	TiNOS	28	100	52	244
	DES	32	98	54	119
Diabetes mellitus	TiNOS	30 (19.7)	65 (15.6)	48 (22)	140 (14.2)
	DES	28 (18.7)	75 (18.3)	33 (16)	63 (12.5)
Hypertension	TiNOS	105 (69.1)	201 (48.2)	122 (57)	463 (46.8)
	DES	113 (75.3)	212 (51.7)	106 (50)	219 (43.6)
Current smoking/smoking	TiNOS	53 (34.9)	144 (34.5)	113 (53)	309 (31.2)
	DES	43 (28.7)	134 (32.7)	97 (46)	180 (35.9)
Family history of IHD/CAD	TiNOS	45 (29.6)	192 (46.0)	103 (48)	503 (50.9)
	DES	47 (31.3)	185 (45.1)	95 (45)	247 (49.2)
Prior MI	TiNOS	42 (27.6)	56 (13.4)	33 (15)	75 (7.6)
	DES	32 (21.3)	40 (9.8)	20 (9)	45 (9.0)
Prior PCI	TiNOS	39 (25.7)	40 (9.6)	22 (10)	69 (7.0)
	DES	38 (25.3)	43 (10.5)	10 (5)	33 (6.6)
Prior CABG	TiNOS	12 (7.9)	20 (4.8)	16 (7)	6 (6.0)
	DES	4 (2.7)	17 (4.1)	13 (6)	6 (1.2)
STEMI	TiNOS	0 (0)	162 (38.8)	83 (39)	444 (44.9)
	DES	0 (0)	159 (38.8)	97 (46)	239 (47.6)
Unstable angina	TiNOS	14 (9.2)	49 (11.8)	0 (0)	126 (12.7)
	DES	16 (10.7)	64 (15.6)	0 (0)	61 (12.2)
NSTEMI	TiNOS	50 (32.9)	206 (49.4)	131 (61)	458 (46.3)
	DES	63 (42.0)	187 (45.6)	114 (54)	226 (45.0)
Reference vessel diameter (mm), mean ± SD	TiNOS	2.88 ± 0.47	3.13 ± 0.43	3.16 ± 0.45	3.20 ± 0.45
	DES	2.90 ± 0.53	3.14 ± 0.43	3.11 ± 0.50	3.21 ± 0.45
Lesion length (mm), mean ± SD	TiNOS	13.1 ± 8.1	14.4 ± 5.4	13.6 ± 5.6	14.9 ± 6.5
	DES	14.2 ± 8.9	14.3 ± 6.5	13.2 ± 6.4	14.8 ± 5.9
Direct stenting	TiNOS	76 (33.2)	134 (32.1)	26 (12)	225 (22.8)
	DES	66 (29.7)	126 (30.7)	32 (15)	145 (28.9)
Total stent length per lesion (mm), mean ± SD	TiNOS	19.3 ± 11.1	20.8 ± 9.4	18.5 ± 6.4	20.5 ± 7.8
	DES	19.6 ± 10.0	20.6 ± 8.2	19.2 ± 7.2	20.6 ± 7.2
Stents per (culprit) lesion, mean ± SD	TiNOS	1.28 ± 0.55	1.15 ± 0.38	1.1 ± 0.3	1.13 ± 0.38
	DES	1.17 ± 0.45	1.14 ± 0.36	1.1 ± 0.4	1.14 ± 0.37
Stent diameter (mm), mean ± SD	TiNOS	3.02 ± 0.46	3.15 ± 0.44	3.16 ± 0.42	3.22 ± 1.14
	DES	3.01 ± 0.50	3.15 ± 0.45	3.11 ± 0.45	3.19 ± 0.43

n: Number of participants; TiNOS: Titanium-nitride-oxide-coated stent; DES: Drug-eluting stent; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular event; MI: Myocardial infarction; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.