Current knowledge for the risk factors of early permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement and what is next for the primary prevention?

Table 1 Established pre-procedural risk factors of early permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Pre-procedural risk factors	Age, yr	Male sex	Prior MI	DM	Risk ratio	Ref.
Prior conduction defect						[2-5,15]
RBBB	80-85	43%-52%	25%-45%	29%-37%	2.50-3.10
Mobitz type 1 AV block					3.10
Left anterior hemiblock					1.20-1.40
Bifascicular block					2.40-2.60
Peri-procedural AV block	Meta-analysis of 75 cohort studies[5]				4.17	[5]
Age ≥ 80 yr	Meta-analysis of 75 cohort studies[5]; meta-analysis of 239 cohort studies[15]				1.07-1.19	[2,5,15]
Self-expanding valve	Meta-analysis of 32 clinical trials[4]; meta-analysis of 239 cohort studies[15]				1.94-7.56	[2,4,5]
Aortic valve area < 0.75 cm2	84	52.0%	26.4%	36.4%	1.21	[2]
≥ Moderate operative risk	84	52.0%	26.4%	36.4%	1.85	[2]
Atrial fibrillation	Meta-analysis of 75 cohort studies[5]; meta-analysis of 239 cohort studies[15]				1.05-1.10	[5,15]

AV: Atrioventricular; DM: Diabetes; MI: Myocardial infarction; RBBB: Right bundle branch block.