Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors: Transforming diabetic cardiomyopathy management

Table 1 Effects of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes and associated conditions: A comparative analysis of clinical studies and mechanistic insights¹

Study	Objective	Key findings	Mechanistic insights	Clinical implications
Grubić Rotkvić et al[1]	To assess the impact of SGLT2is on myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic heart failure	SGLT2is improve myocardial function and reduce heart failure symptoms	Enhanced myocardial metabolism and reduced cardiac stress	Potential benefits for patients with asymptomatic heart failure, suggesting a need for broader use in heart failure management
Lv et al[3]	To evaluate the effect of various hypoglycemic agents on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation	SGLT2is are associated with a lower risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation compared to other hypoglycemic agents	Reduced atrial fibrillation risk may be linked to improved glycemic control and cardiovascular stability	SGLT2is may be preferred in diabetic patients with a high risk of atrial fibrillation
Xie and Zhao[4]	To review the synthetic approaches and clinical applications of SGLT2is	SGLT2is show significant promise in managing type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular conditions	Inhibition of glucose reabsorption leads to improved cardiovascular outcomes and reduced oxidative stress	Highlights the growing role of SGLT2is in comprehensive diabetes care
Zeng et al[11]	To investigate the effects of SGLT2is on kidney senescence in an animal model	SGLT2is down-regulate latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 expression, improving kidney function and reducing senescence	Modulation of renal fibrosis pathways and oxidative stress reduction	Potential benefits for preventing kidney disease progression in diabetic patients
Xu et al[6]	To explore the impact of empagliflozin on atherosclerosis progression	Empagliflozin attenuates atherosclerosis by inducing autophagy	Activation of autophagic pathways that counteract atherosclerotic changes	Empagliflozin may offer cardiovascular protection beyond glycemic control
Zhang et al[5]	To evaluate the effects of SGLT2is on renal lipid deposition and oxygenation in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients	SGLT2is reduce renal lipid deposition and improve renal oxygenation levels	Enhanced renal metabolism and oxygenation may prevent renal complications	Supports the use of SGLT2is for improving renal health in diabetes
Tsukagoshi-Yamaguchi et al[12]	To analyze metabolomic changes associated with ipragliflozin and metformin treatment	Ipragliflozin leads to visceral fat reduction and improved metabolic profiles	Alterations in metabolite profiles associated with fat metabolism and reduction	Highlights ipragliflozin's potential in managing metabolic syndrome components in diabetes
Matthews et al[2]	To review the impact of SGLT2is on cardiovascular and renal outcomes irrespective of diabetes status	SGLT2is show beneficial effects on heart and kidney health even in non-diabetic populations	Cardiovascular and renal protective effects are due to mechanisms beyond glucose control	Supports broader application of SGLT2is in heart and kidney disease management
Ünal et al[10]	To evaluate neuroprotective effects of empagliflozin in a Parkinson’s disease model	Empagliflozin shows neuroprotective effects through ketogenesis and autophagy	Involvement of ketogenesis and autophagy in mitigating neurodegenerative processes	Suggests potential for SGLT2is in neurodegenerative diseases
Chen et al[8]	To assess the impact of SGLT2is-pretreated macrophage transplantation on ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction	SGLT2is pretreatment improves ventricular remodeling and reduces adverse outcomes	Enhanced macrophage function and reduced myocardial fibrosis	Potential use of SGLT2is in post-infarction recovery strategies

¹This table provides a comparative analysis of recent clinical studies examining the impact of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and related conditions. It includes information on study objectives, key findings, mechanistic insights, and clinical implications. The findings demonstrate the benefits of SGLT2is in improving myocardial function, reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation, attenuating atherosclerosis, and enhancing renal and metabolic health. The table captures the diverse effects of these inhibitors on cardiovascular and systemic health beyond their role in glucose management. SGLT2is: Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors.