Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Cardiol. Dec 26, 2024; 16(12): 751-759
Published online Dec 26, 2024. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v16.i12.751
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of military participants classified by night sentry duty frequency
Night sentry duty 0/month (n = 506)
Night sentry duty 1-2/month (n = 220)
Night sentry duty ≥ 3/month (n = 141)
P value
Age (years)28.01 ± 6.2128.71 ± 5.9028.89 ± 5.820.17
Male, n (%)434 (85.8)199 (90.5)129 (91.5)0.07
Substance use, n (%)
    Alcohol drinking208 (41.1)87 (39.5)45 (31.9)0.14
    Betel nut chewing74 (14.6)35 (15.9)11 (7.8)0.07
    Cigarette smoking252 (49.8)108 (49.1)51 (36.2)0.01
Time for a 3000-m run (seconds)906.65 ± 134.39905.29 ± 161.73922.10 ± 101.860.46
Body mass index (kg/m2)24.69 ± 3.9924.57 ± 3.7624.59 ± 3.280.91
Systolic BP (mmHg)117.40 ± 14.30117.45 ± 12.34116.97 ± 12.520.93
Diastolic BP (mmHg)69.47 ± 11.0069.73 ± 9.1170.27 ± 9.210.71
Pulse pressure (mmHg)47.93 ± 10.5547.72 ± 9.5846.69 ± 9.820.44
Pulse rate (bpm)73.34 ± 10.8772.22 ± 10.6875.03 ± 9.240.04
Blood test
    Total cholesterol (mg/dL)171.21 ± 31.43174.28 ± 35.25171.64 ± 31.120.49
    LDL-C (mg/dL)104.65 ± 28.65107.03 ± 31.02106.98 ± 29.690.50
    HDL-C (mg/dL)50.80 ± 10.8850.35 ± 10.7148.43 ± 9.960.07
    Serum triglycerides (mg/dL)100.39 ± 83.01108.85 ± 72.47106.06 ± 82.730.39
    Fasting glucose (mg/dL)94.28 ± 9.1595.09 ± 10.7495.09 ± 9.100.47
Echocardiographic parameters1
    LVMI (g/m2)73.76 ± 11.9176.00 ± 14.8577.46 ± 13.780.20
    LVEF (%)61.43 ± 4.8562.30 ± 4.9362.81 ± 4.650.14
    LA diameter (mm)32.60 ± 4.4832.65 ± 4.4433.70 ± 4.120.38
1Participant numbers for night sentry duty: 0/month, 1-2/month, and ≥ 3/month were 154, 83 and 43, respectively, and echocardiographic parameters were compared with adjustments for age, sex and systolic blood pressure.
BP: Blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LA: Left atrium; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: Left ventricular mass index.
Table 2 Associations between night sentry duty frequency and levels of various hemodynamic parameters
PR
SBP
DBP
PP
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
Crude model0.558 (0.226)0.010.300 (0.288)0.290.482 (0.215)0.02-0.182 (0.221)0.41
Model 10.569 (0.227)0.010.054 (0.280)0.840.251 (0.206)0.22-0.197 (0.218)0.36
Model 20.505 (0.223)0.020.086 (0.268)0.740.266 (0.203)0.18-0.180 (0.214)0.40
Data are presented as standardized β and standard error (SE) using linear regression analysis. Model 1: Age, sex, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking adjustments. Model 2: Age, sex, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking, body mass index and time for a run adjustment. DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; PP: Pulse pressure; PR: Pulse rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.
Table 3 Associations between night sentry duty frequency and levels of metabolic syndrome biomarkers
WC
HDL-C
TG
FPG
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
β (SE)
P value
Crude model0.321 (0.231)0.16-0.598 (0.230)0.0093.094 (1.705)0.070.365 (0.205)0.07
Model 10.075 (0.209)0.72-0.493 (0.221)0.022.610 (1.623)0.100.212 (0.204)0.29
Model 20.147 (0.112)0.18-0.490 (0.213)0.022.613 (1.577)0.090.218 (0.202)0.28
Data are presented as standardized β and standard error (SE) using linear regression analysis. Model 1: Age, sex, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking adjustments. Model 2: Age, sex, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking, body mass index and time for a run adjustment. FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: serum triglycerides; WC: waist circumference.
Table 4 Associations of night sentry duty frequency categories with metabolic syndrome and related features
Hypertension
Central obesity
Reduced HDL-C
Increased TG
Impaired FPG
Metabolic syndrome
No night duty (reference)1.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
Night duty ≥ 1/month1.094 (0.758-1.579)1.110 (0.676-1.823)1.111 (0.741-1.665)1.487 (0.980-2.256)1.415 (1.016-1.969)a1.464 (0.873-2.456)
No night duty (reference)1.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
Night duty 1-2/month1.084 (0.706-1.663)0.991 (0.551-1.782)1.057 (0.657-1.701)1.804 (1.131-2.879)a1.481 (1.013-2.167)a1.755 (0.984-3.130)
Night duty ≥ 3/month1.109 (0.678-1.816)1.311 (0.672-2.555)1.198 (0.695-2.066)1.053 (0.580-1.911)1.316 (0.839-2.062)1.059 (0.509-2.202)
aP < 0.05.
Definitions: Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg; central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women; reduced high-density lipoprotein was defined as < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women; increased serum triglycerides was defined as ≥ 150 mg/dL; impaired fasting plasma glucose was defined as ≥ 100 mg/dL; metabolic syndrome was defined as having 3 or more of the above five features. Data are presented as odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval using multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, cigarette smoking, body mass index and time for a run adjustment. FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Serum triglycerides.