Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2023; 15(1): 1-12
Published online Jan 26, 2023. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i1.1
Table 1 Patients characteristics

Group D
Group F
P value
No. (%)54 (62)33 (38)
Age (yr)65 ± 1169 ± 100.06
Male/Female28/2622/110.18
BMI (kg/m2)24.4 ± 4.224.7 ± 3.40.77
Coronary risk factors (%)
       Current smoker11 (20)8 (24)0.67
       Hypertension34 (63)27 (82)0.06
       Dyslipidemia36 (67)19 (58)0.39
       Diabetes mellitus10 (19)9 (27)0.34
Family history of CAD (%)12 (22)8 (24)0.83
MtS (%)12 (22)14 (42)0.04
CKD (%)16 (30)13 (39)0.35
Table 2 The results of blood chemical and echographic parameters in the 2 groups

Group D
Group F
P value
Blood chemical parameters
       Total cholesterol (mg/dL)193 ± 33202 ± 400.26
       Triglyceride (mg/dL)142 ± 76143 ± 580.93
       HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)57 ± 1757 ± 170.99
       LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)107 ± 25116 ± 320.16
       Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)103 ± 30107 ± 150.53
       Hemoglobin A1c (%)5.8 ± 0.96.1 ± 0.80.18
       C-reactive protein (mg/dL)0.06 (0.04, 0.18)0.07 (0.02, 0.17)0.74
       Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL)16 (10, 35)20 (10, 30)0.92
       eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)70.7 ± 14.567.8 ± 14.80.37
Echographic parameters
       LVEF on UCG (%)66 ± 967 ± 60.61
       FMD on brachial ultrasonography (%)3.9 ± 2.8 (n = 47)2.8 ± 3.3 (n = 33)0.11
       NID on brachial ultrasonography (%)15.2 ± 7.5 (n = 47)12.3 ± 5.2 (n = 33)0.05
Table 3 The results of VSA-related parameters in the 2 groups

Group D
Group F
P value
Medications taken before CAG
       Calcium-channel blocker (%)11 (20)16 (48)0.01
       Long-acting nitrate (%)6 (11)9 (27)0.05
       Statins (%)26 (48)9 (27)0.05
       Anti-platelet therapy (%)14 (26)9 (27)0.89
VSA-related symptom
       Cold sweating or syncope (%)5 (9) 4 (12)0.67
CAG.SPT
       Coronary atherosclerosis (%)28 (52)25 (76)0.03
       MB (%)7 (13)10 (30)0.05
       Multi-vessel spasm (%, n)32 (74, 43)19 (66, 29)0.42
Table 4 Lesional characteristics in the diffuse and focal spasms

Diffuse spasm
Focal spasm
P value
No. 10034
ST elevation on ECG during SPT6 (6)13 (35)< 0.01
Total or subtotal occlusion on CAG9 (9)9 (26)0.02
Spastic vessels: RCA/LAD46/5413/210.43
Spasm site
       Proximal/Mid/Distal 12/57/315/16/130.58
Dose of ACh at spasm provocation
       Low (%)/Moderate (%)/High (%)32 (32)/65 (65)/3 (3)13 (38)/16 (47)/5 (15)0.03
Intracoronary pressure indexes
       Baseline Pd/Pa0.96 ± 0.050.95 ± 0.050.35
       Minimal Pd/Pa0.77 ± 0.110.66 ± 0.20< 0.01
       ΔPd/Pa- 0.19 ± 0.11- 0.29 ± 0.20< 0.01
       iFR (n)0.96 ± 0.07 (n = 52)0.95 ± 0.08 (n = 17)0.83
       FFR (n)0.85 ± 0.08 (n = 26)0.80 ± 0.10 (n = 8)0.18
Table 5 Multivessel regression analysis for Δdistal pressure/aortic pressure during spasm provocation test
Factors
F value
P value
Focal spasm14.14< 0.01
Atherosclerosis1.380.24
ACh dose at spasm provocation1.080.34
R2 = 0.18