Untangling the difficult interplay between ischemic and hemorrhagic risk: The role of risk scores

Table 1 Ischemic risk scores items and OR/HR

Item	OR/HR (CI)
CHA2DS2-Vasc (OR)
Congestive HF	0.72 (0.27-1.88) NS
Hypertension	1.01 (0.38-2.66) NS
Age ≥ 65	NR
Age ≥ 75	1.46 (0.63-3.35) NS
Diabetes mellitus	1.79 (0.73-4.40) NS
Stroke	2.22 (0.78-6.35) NS
Vascular disease	2.27 (0.94-5.46) NS
Female sex	2.53 (1.08-5.92)
DAPT (OR)
Age, per 10 yr increase	1.54 (1.34-1.78) (on bleedings)
Current smoking	1.4 (1.11-1.76)
Diabetes mellitus	1.38 (1.1-1.72)
Acute coronary syndrome	1.65 (1.31-2.07)
PCI or prior ACS	1.79 (1.43-2.23)
Stent diameter < 3 mm	1.61 (1.3-1.99)
Paclitaxel stent	1.57 (1.26-1.97)
Congestive HF	1.88 (1.35-2.62)
Saphenous vein graft stenting	1.75 (1.13-2.73)
PARIS-CTE (HR)
Current smoking	1.69 (1.14–2.52)
CrCl < 60 mL/min	2.12 (1.46–3.05)
Diabetes mellitus
Non-insulin dependent	1.69 (1.14–2.52)
Insulin dependent	3.42 (2.32–5.04)
Acute coronary syndrome
Troponin negative	1.47 (1.03–2.08)
Troponin positive	2.09 (1.24–3.53)
Previous revascularization
Previous PCI	1.91 (1.38–2.66)
Previous CABG	1.80 (1.24–2.61)

CI: Confidence interval; CrCl: Creatinine clearance; HF: Heart failure; HR: Hazard ratio; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 2 Bleeding risk scores items and HR/OR

Item	HR/OR (CI)
PARIS-MB (HR)
Current smoking	1.94 (1.18–3.20)
CrCl < 60 mL/min	1.81 (1.16–2.82)
Age, per year increase	1.02 (1.00–1.04)
BMI
< 25 kg/m2	1.68 (1.09–2.60)
≥ 35 kg/m2	1.79 (1.04—3.08)
Anemia	2.72 (1.83–4.04)
Triple therapy on discharge	1.93 (1.08–3.43)
CRUSADE (HR)
Heart rate per 10 bpm increase	1.08 (1.07–1.10)
Systolic blood pressure
≤ 110 mmHg	1.26 (1.16–1.36)
≥ 180 mmHg	1.24 (1.14–1.35)
Hematocrit < 36%	2.28 (2.11–2.46)
CrCl, per 10 mL/min decrease	1.12 (1.10–1.13)
Sign of HF	1.23 (1.15–1.31)
Vascular disease	1.19 (1.12–1.27)
Diabetes	1.16 (1.10–1.23)
Female sex	1.31 (1.23–1.39)
ACUITY (OR)
Age, per 5 yr increase	1.17 (1.13–1.21)
Acute coronary syndrome
NSTEMI	1.26 (1.04–1.54)
STEMI	1.92 (1.52–2.44)
White blood cell count, giga/L	1.10 (1.07–1.12)
Serum creatinine, per 0.1 mg/dL increase	1.09 (1.07–1.12)
Anemia	1.98 (1.65–2.37)
Bivalirudin monotherapy	0.56 (0.47–0.67)
Female sex	2.32 (1.98–2.72)
HAS-BLED (OR)
Age > 65 yr	2.66 (1.33-5.32) NS
Systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg	0.60 (0.21-1.72) NS
Creatinine > 2.26 mg/dL or > 200 µmol/L or cirrhosis or bilirubin > 2 x normal with AST/ALT/AP > 3 x normal	2.86 (1.33-6.18)
Prior major bleeding or anemia	7.51 (3.00-18.78)
Medication predisposing to bleeding	0.81 (0.43-1.51) NS
Stroke	0.94 (0.32-2.86) NS
Labile INR	NR
Alcohol use, ≥ 8 drinks/wk	0.00 (0.00) NS
PRECISE-DAPT (OR)
Hemoglobin, per 1 g increase	0.67 (0.53-0.64)
White-blood-cell count, per 103 cells per μL increase	1.06 (0.99-1.13)
Age, per 10 yr increase	1.34 (1.11-1.48)
CrCl, per 10 mL/min increase	0.9 (0.82-0.99)
Previous bleeding	4.14 (1.22-14.02)

CI: Confidence interval; CrCl: Creatinine clearance; HF: Heart failure; HR: Hazard ratio; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; OR: Odds ratio.