Correlation between soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products levels and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal nondiabetic women

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study subjects

Variable	Group I (n = 55)	Group II (n = 55)	P value
Age (yr)	57.58 ± 7.75	56.29 ± 7.69	0.38
BMI (kg/m²)	25.41 ± 3.05	24.81 ± 3.79	0.35
WC (cm)	83.02 ± 5.17	81.42 ± 6.11	0.14
Serum CHOL (mg/dL)	175.33 ± 40.68	180.12 ± 37.12	0.52
Serum TG (mg/dL)	175.16 ± 48.67	150.09 ± 42.67	0.05
Serum HDL-C (mg/dL)	38.57 ± 6.89	40.59 ± 8.17	0.16
Serum LDL-C (mg/dL)	123.68 ± 27.73	113.17 ± 31.58	0.06
FBS (mg/dL)	92.89 ± 8.81	95.71 ± 10.14	0.12
PPBS (mg/dL)	133.33 ± 5.53	133.15 ± 3.76	0.84
HbA1c (%)	5.24 ± 0.19	5.28 ± 0.14	0.14
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.79 ± 0.16	0.85 ± 0.23	0.09
Serum hsCRP (μg/mL)	5.26 ± 1.94	1.41 ± 0.44	0.00b
Plasma HC (μmol/L)	18.13 ± 5.39	12.83 ± 3.99	0.00b
Lp(a) (μg/mL)	294.36 ± 202.22	251.22 ± 221.42	0.28
sRAGE (pg/mL)	285 (30-2490)	540 (90-3450)	0.02a
Category 1 (< 225)	24	4	0.00b
Category 2 (≥ 225-< 397.5)	8	19	0.01a
Category 3 (≥ 397.5-< 730)	13	15	0.66
Category 4 (≥ 730)	10	17	0.12
Hypertension	30	24	0.25
Family history	26	14	0.01a

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Data are means ± SD, median (interquartile range), or frequency counts, as appropriate. BMI: Body Mass Index; CHOL: Cholesterol; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HC: Homocysteine; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a); PPBS: Post prandial blood sugar; sRAGE: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TG: Triglycerides; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 2 Univariate logistic regression analysis

Parameter	SE	P value	OR	95%CI for OR
				Lower	Upper
Age (yr)	0.038	0.374	1.034	0.960	1.115
HTN	0.598	0.742	0.821	0.254	2.651
BMI (kg/m²)	0.202	0.354	1.206	0.812	1.791
WC (cm)	0.126	0.152	0.835	0.653	1.069
FH CAD	0.668	0.011a	0.184	0.050	0.680
S. CHOL (mg/dl)	0.017	0.001b	1.060	1.025	1.096
S.LDL-C (mg/dl)	0.024	0.008b	0.938	0.895	0.983
S.HDL-C (mg/dl)	0.041	0.963	1.002	0.924	1.087
S.TG (mg/dl)	0.008	0.350	0.993	0.978	1.008
HC (μmol/L)	0.079	0.00b	0.725	0.621	0.847
Lp(a) (μg/mL)	0.002	0.041a	0.996	0.993	0.999
sRAGE (pg/mL)	0.001	0.010a	1.002	1.001	1.003
hsCRP (μg/mL)	1.037	0.00b	0.023	1.001	0.178

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

BMI: Body mass index; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CHOL: Cholesterol; CI: Confidence interval; HC: Homocysteine; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: High-sensitive C-reactive protein. HTN: Hypertension; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a); OR: Odds ratio; SE: Standard error; sRAGE: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TG: Triglycerides; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis

Parameter	SE	P value	OR	95%CI for OR
				Lower	Upper
FH CAD	0.639	0.014a	4.827	1.379	16.904
S. CHOL (mg/dL)	0.017	0.002b	1.055	1.020	1.091
LDL-C (mg/dL)	0.024	0.011a	0.941	0.898	0.986
HC (mg/dL)	0.074	0.00b	0.734	0.635	0.848
sRAGE (pg/mL)	0.001	0.011a	1.001	1.0001	1.003
Lp(a) (μg/mL)	0.001	0.052	0.997	0.994	1.000
HTN	0.571	0.755	1.195	0.390	3.662
HDL-C (mg/dL)	0.040	0.853	0.993	0.918	1.073
TG (mg/dL)	0.008	0.265	0.991	0.976	1.007
hsCRP (μg/mL)	1.037	0.00b	0.023	0.003	0.178

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

CAD: Coronary artery disease; CHOL: Cholesterol; CI: Confidence interval; HC: Homocysteine; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: High-sensitive C-reactive protein; HTN: Hypertension; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a); OR: Odds ratio; SE: Standard error; sRAGE: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 4 Quartiles of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products

Frequency distribution of CAD and control in sRAGE quartile categories
sRAGE (pg/mL)		Group		Total	P value
		Case	Control
< 225	n	24	4	28	19.16/0.00b
	%	43.6	7.3	25.5
≥ 225-< 397.5	n	8	19	27	5.9/0.01a
	%	14.5	34.5	24.5
≥ 397.5-< 730	n	13	15	28	0.19/0.66
	%	23.6	27.3	25.5
≥ 730	n	10	17	27	2.4/0.12
	%	18.2	30.9	24.5
Total	n	55	55	110
	%	100.0	100.0	100.0

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01 (χ² test).

CAD: Coronary artery disease; sRAGE: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products.

Table 5 Univariate odd ratios for prevalence of coronary artery disease in each category of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products relative to category 4

Category	P value	OR	95%CI
			Lower	Upper
Category 1 vs 4	0.001	0.098	0.026	0.365
Category 2 vs 4	0.564	1.397	0.448	4.355
Category 3 vs 4	0.481	0.679	0.231	1.994

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 6 Multivariate odd ratios for prevalence of coronary artery disease in each category of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products relative to category 4

Category	P value	OR	95%CI
			Lower	Upper
Category 1 vs 4	0.001	0.065	0.014	0.308
Category 2 vs 4	0.533	1.555	0.387	6.243
Category 3 vs 4	0.096	0.325	0.087	1.221

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 7 Pearson’s correlation

Parameter	CHOL	LDL-C	HDL-C	TG	hsCRP	HC	sRAGE	Lp (a)
CHOL	1	0.865b	−0.616b	0.491b	0.052	0.090	−0.179	0.227
LDL−C	0.865b	1	−0.606b	0.646b	0.082	0.094	−0.197	0.205
HDL−C	−0.616b	−0.606b	1	−0.529b	−0.157	−0.164	0.245	−0.169
TG	0.491b	0.646b	−0.529b	1	−0.182	−0.002	−0.127	0.174
hsCRP	0.052	0.082	−0.157	−0.182	1	0.761b	0.011	−0.235
HC	0.090	0.094	−0.164	−0.002	0.761b	1	0.067	−0.226
sRAGE	−0.179	−0.197	0.245	−0.127	0.011	0.067	1	0.158
Lp(a)	0.227	0.205	−0.169	0.174	−0.235	−0.226	0.158	1

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

CHOL: Cholesterol; HC: Homocysteine; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: High-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a); sRAGE: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TG: Triglycerides.