Utility and correlation of known anticoagulation parameters in the management of pediatric ventricular assist devices

Abstract

AIM

To assess utility and correlation of known anticoagulation parameters in the management of pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD).

METHODS

Retrospective study of pediatric patients supported with a Berlin EXCOR VAD at a single pediatric tertiary care center during a single year.

RESULTS

We demonstrated associations between activated thromboplastin time (aPTT) and R-thromboelastography (R-TEG) values (rs = 0.65, P < 0.001) and between anti-Xa assay and R-TEG values (rs = 0.54, P < 0.001). The strongest correlation was seen between aPTT and anti-Xa assays (rs = 0.71, P < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant correlation between platelet counts and the maximum amplitude of TEG (rs = 0.71, P < 0.001). Importantly, there was no association between dose of unfractionated heparin and either measure of anticoagulation (aPTT, anti-Xa or R-TEG value).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that while there is strong correlation between aPTT, anti-Xa assay and R-TEG values for patients requiring VAD support, there is a lack of relevant correlation between heparin dose and degree of effect. This raises concern as various guidelines continue to recommend using these parameters to titrate heparin therapy.

Key Words: Ventricular assist device; Anticoagulation; BERLIN-EXCOR; Pediatric; Thromboelastography

Core tip: This study suggests that while there is strong correlation between activated thromboplastin time, anti-Xa assay and R-thromboelastography values for patients requiring ventricular assist device support, there is a lack of relevant correlation between heparin dose and degree of effect. This raises concern as various guidelines continue to recommend using these parameters to titrate heparin therapy. A comprehensive strategy for appropriate anticoagulation may therefore warrant a combination of parameter monitoring and warrants further study.

INTRODUCTION

Appropriate anticoagulation continues to be a significant challenge in pediatric patients supported with ventricular assist devices (VADs). VAD implantation leads to dysregulation of hemostasis through contact of blood with foreign materials and introduction of shear forces that activate vascular endothelium, platelets, leukocytes and the coagulation cascade. This constellation of events increases the generation of thrombin and thus greatly increases the risk of thrombosis. Clinicians attempt to address the resultant imbalance between the pro- and anti-thrombotic states through the administration of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. However, appropriate titration of these therapies in the pediatric population is challenging and resulting in various complications related to either a pro-thrombotic state leading to embolic complications or an overly anti-thrombotic state presenting as post-operative bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke.

Despite technological advances in VAD design and development of new methods of anticoagulation, complication rates remain significant. Adults on VAD support have bleeding rate of 15%-50% while the risk of stroke has been reported at 5%[1,2]. Unfortunately the overall incidence of these complications in children with VAD appears to be higher[3-5]. While the VAD technology and anticoagulation agents are the same as those for adult patients, there are marked differences in dosing of medications, device performance characteristics in children and intrinsic differences in the maturity of the hemostatic system in children as they develop[6-9]. One retrospective study of 28 pediatric patients with various types of VAD demonstrated major bleeding in 29% and stroke in 25%. Given that there are several types of VAD that can be used in the pediatric population, and technology is constantly evolving, interpretation of older studies is challenging. The Berlin Heart EXCOR Pediatric VAD, a pulsatile extracorporeal device, is currently the most commonly used in pediatrics as it can accommodate a wide range of patient sizes and can support both the right and left heart as necessary. A prospective study comparing the Berlin Heart Pediatric EXCOR device to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as bridge-to-transplantation demonstrated bleeding in 50% of patients and stroke in 29%[3] in the setting of a prescribed anticoagulation protocol with high degree of adherence.

The major obstacle to achieving adequate anticoagulation while minimizing the risk of hemorrhagic complications revolves around ineffective monitoring strategies and the lack of evidence-based pediatric guidelines to assist clinicians in modifying therapy. Various laboratory tests exist that measure specific components of the hemostatic system, including anti-Xa, activated thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and international normalized ratio (INR), but none of these gives a complete picture of hemostasis[7,10-12]. Thromboelastography (TEG) has been proposed to more accurately demonstrate the in vivo state of hemostasis[13,14]. Specifically the R-value is thought to reflect the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Current VAD anticoagulation guidelines, including those adopted for clinical trials, lack standardization to guide heparin therapy[15]. In addition, there is very limited data on coagulation parameters in pediatric patients supported on VADs. This disconnect may explain why, in many cases, using target lab values to indicate degree of anticoagulation does not prevent poor clinical outcomes. This study attempts to assess the utility and correlation between various measures of anti-coagulation, including the value of TEG, in a cohort of patients who received the Berlin Heart Pediatric EXCOR VAD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anticoagulation parameters from four patients supported with a Berlin Heart EXCOR VAD at a single center during 2013 were studied retrospectively. The study was approved by the institutional review board. Standard anticoagulation therapy was initiated for all of these patients after the implantation of the Berlin EXCOR VAD in accordance with the published guidelines[15]. All management decisions for anticoagulation and anti-platelet therapy were made by the VAD team, again with target levels for various parameters consistent with the published protocol. Briefly, our standard regimen included unfractionated heparin initiated typically about 12 h post-operative, followed by initiation of anti-platelet therapy with aspirin and dipyridamole typically, 48 h post-operative in the setting of good surgical hemostasis. This was followed by dose adjustments as needed based on monitoring parameters. Patients were monitored closely by assessing various anticoagulation parameters such as PT, aPTT, anti-Xa assay, complete blood count, fibrinogen level daily. TEG was performed using a TEG^® 5000 Thrombelastograph^® Hemostasis Analyzer system (Haemonetics Corporation, MA, United States). Kaolin TEG as well as heparinase TEG were both performed as part of a standard approach to assess whole blood anticoagulation related to heparin as well as the health of coagulation system without the heparin effect. Additionally, TEG was also used to perform platelet-mapping studies using the platelet agonists arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to study platelet inhibition achieved by aspirin and dipyridamole. We tabulated all laboratory tests that were ordered to both assess their coagulation system and to direct their anticoagulation therapy. Additionally, we tabulated incidental heparin dose at time of laboratory collection, as well as clinical data reflecting outcomes, adverse events, morbidities and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). Continuous data are reported as mean ± SD, categorical data are reported as frequency (%). Continuous data was compared using student t-test while χ² test was used for categorical variables. Spearman’s Correlation was used to assess correlation between various tests. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Chart review of anticoagulation parameters from a total of four patients who were supported with the Berlin EXCOR Pediatric VAD during a single year yielded nearly 100 data points for every test. Three of the four patients had the primary diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy while the fourth patient carried a diagnosis of congenital heart block and developed pacemaker induced cardiomyopathy (Table 1). No other significant comorbidities, genetic syndrome or coagulation disorders noted prior to the implants. Indications for VAD placement were heart failure non-responsive to standard inotropic therapy with milrinone and need for a second agent (dobutamine), along with evidence of end-organ injury. The later was extremely poor tolerance of enteral feeds in 3 patients while it was increased need for respiratory support (including intubation) in one patient. Berlin EXCOR VAD implantation was performed in the standard fashion per manufacturer’s detailed instructions. There were no intraoperative complications.

Table 1 Patient demographics.

	Patient 1 K	Patient 2 S	Patient 3 P	Patient 4 N
Diagnosis	DCM	DCM	CHB, DCM	DCM
Age	13 mo	5 mo	8 mo	10 yr
Weight	8.4 kg	7.2 kg	8.1 kg	24.5 kg
Gender	F	M	M	F
Type of VAD	LVAD	LVAD	LVAD	LVAD
Days on VAD	141	69	13	54
Outcome	OHT	OHT	OHT	OHT

Relevant clinical data from the four patients studied including diagnosis prior to receiving VAD, type of ventricular support (LVAD), absolute number of days on VAD support and eventual patient outcome. All patients received Berlin EXCOR devices as bridge to successful transplantation. DCM: Dilated cardiomyopathy; CHB: Congenital heart block; OHT: Orthotopic heart transplantation; LVAD: Left ventricular assist device.

Measures of anticoagulation and correlations

The results for the various tests are shown in Table 2. As noted, there was wide variation in the degree of anticoagulation achieved. We performed Spearman correlation testing to assess the relationship between individual tests measuring degree of anticoagulation, namely, aPTT, anti-Xa assay and R value on TEG. There was a strong and statistically significant correlation between all of these three parameters, with the strongest correlation existing between the aPTT value and anti-Xa assays (R² = 0.55, Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.71, P < 0.001). R-TEG had correlation coefficients of 0.54 and 0.65 with anti-Xa and aPTT, respectively. These correlations are summarized in Table 3 and demonstrated in Figure 1.

Table 2 Distribution of values for various measures of coagulation status.

Test	n	Minimum	Maximum	mean	SD
Prothrombin time	97	12.5	30.8	14.542	2.34
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)	98	26.1	200	79.779	44.62
INR	98	0.9	3	1.132	0.25
Anti-Xa levels (U/mL)	97	0.05	1.2	0.4381	0.24
TEG-R (min)	102	5.2	82.8	32.464	19.77
TEG-alpha angle	99	5.9	71.8	28.83	18
TEG-MA	98	10	75	46.002	18.08
TEG R (heparinase) (min)	102	5.1	34.5	8.455	3.2
TEG-K (heparinase)	102	0.8	12	2.029	1.12
TEG-α angle (heparinase)	102	17.8	74.4	63.306	7.3
TEG-MA (heparinase)	102	45.1	73	59.696	6.03
TEG-G (heparinase)	100	4.1	13.5	7.712	2.01
Platelet inhibition-ADP (%)	90	0	100	41.113	33.73
Platelet inhibition-AA (%)	91	0	100	43.69	37.05
Platelet count (k/μL)	131	77	451	267.05	89.6
Platelet volume	121	6.8	10.1	8.46	0.69
Heparin dose (units/kg per hour)	131	15	46	33.66	7.15

Summary of data are presented as number of individual data points (n) with value ranges, mean value and standard deviation given. TEG values without heparinase are represented by R (reaction time), ANGLE (alpha-angle), MA (mean amplitude). TEG values with heparinase are noted as RHEP, KHEP (K = coagulation time), ANGLEHEP, MAHEP and GAHEP (GA = overall clot strength). Percent of platelet inhibition via the AA and ADP pathways are shown. The range of administered heparin dose at the time of laboratory value collection is also presented. AA: Arachidonic acid; ADP: Adenosine phosphate; PT: Prothrombin time; aPTT: Activated thromboplastin time; INR: International normalized ratio.

Table 3 Correlation matrix between tests.

	aPTTcorrelationcoefficient	P	Anti-Xacorrelationcoefficient	P	R-TEGcorrelationcoefficient	P
aPTT	1		0.71	< 0.001	0.65	< 0.001
Anti Xa	0.71	< 0.001	1		0.54	< 0.001
R-TEG	0.65	< 0.001	0.54	< 0.001	1

Spearman correlation analyses were used to determine the degree of correlation between aPTT, anti-Xa and R values (R-TEG). aPTT: Activated thromboplastin time; TEG: Thromboelastogram.

Figure 1 Scatterplots demonstrating correlation between standard measures of anticoagulation for patients on left ventricular assist device support. The estimated linear regression line (line of best fit) is shown along with 95%CI for individual value predictions for (A) anti-Xa and TEG-R levels, (B) aPTT and TEG-R levels, and (C) aPTT and anti-Xa levels. The R² values are shown alongside each panel (all P < 0.001). aPTT: Activated thromboplastin time; TEG: Thromboelastogram.

Role of platelets

We also assessed the correlation between platelet count (PLT) and the maximum amplitude (MA) on TEG with heparinase added to nullify the heparin effect. We demonstrated that there was a strong and statistically significant correlation between the two values (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.71, P < 0.001) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Correlation between platelet count and maximum amplitude after treatment with heparinase. The estimated linear regression line (line of best fit along with 95%CI) is shown for platelet counts and TEG-MA (heparinase). Correlation coefficient of 0.541 (P < 0.001). TEG: Thromboelastogram.

Heparin dose and effect

Similar to previous studies, we found no clinically relevant association between heparin dose and the degree of anticoagulation measured by the tests. There was no relationship between aPTT and Heparin dose (Figure 3A) giving a Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient of 0.152 and a P value of 0.168. Similarly, there was no correlation between the heparin dose and anti-Xa levels (Spearman’s rho of -0.004, P = 0.971). There was weak correlation between heparin dose and TEG-R values (Spearman’s rho of 0.24, P = 0.015). To account for patient variation in response to heparin as well as inherent differences in the coagulation system in pediatric patients, we also performed a correlation analyses by patient. In this case, there was a large variation in correlation between heparin dosing and aPTT or anti-Xa levels for a given patient. The R² value ranged from 0.0318 to 0.108 with a P value between 0.01 to 0.18 giving a statistically unstable model.

Figure 3 Scatterplots demonstrating correlation between unfractionated heparin dose and (A) activated thromboplastin time (B) Anti-Xa levels and (C) thromboelastogram-R value. The estimated linear regression line (line of best fit) is shown along with 95%CI for individual value predictions. aPTT: Activated thromboplastin time; TEG: Thromboelastogram.

VAD associated coagulopathy

It has been widely hypothesized that the circulatory support devices themselves induce a coagulopathic state beyond that induced by anti-coagulant therapy[7,16]. The degree and nature of coagulopathy was assessed using heparinase-TEG to neutralize the heparin effect. Figure 4 shows dot-density plots of the distribution of individual values for individual parameters such as R, K, Angle, Maximum Amplitude value obtained on heparinase TEG. As demonstrated in the panel, we found a wide variation in the health of the underlying coagulation system with variable demonstration of factor deficiencies as well as clot strength. Four point nine to 13.72% of all values for individual parameters were out of the normal range (represented by solid grey circles in the plots) suggesting significant coagulopathy or factor deficiencies. These findings were used to guide therapy for correcting the coagulopathy by administering appropriate factors in the form of cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma.

Figure 4 Dot-density plots of thromboelastogram (heparinase) parameters R (panel A), K (panel B), angle (panel C) and maximum amplitude (panel D) showing distribution of individual values. Abnormal values are represented by solid grey circles. TEG: Thromboelastogram.

Outcomes

The mean duration of VAD support was 69.25 d (range 13 to 141 d). Two patients suffered stroke. One patient suffered an ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion, a second patient suffered an ischemic stroke diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). Although the exact timing of the strokes could not be ascertained, the degree of anticoagulation was within prescribed ranges for the 12 h before the CT scan and or clinical detection of the event. Both these patients made complete clinical recovery. A secondary endpoint was need for VAD pump change-out. A total of 8 pump exchanges were performed. The indications for pump change were made by the VAD team based on rate of clot growth, visualization of a dark clot measuring greater than 4 mm and subjective mobility of the clots. White clots and fibrin deposits in the blood chamber did not initiate pump exchanges, per manufacturer guidelines. Pump exchanges were well tolerated and did not result in any procedural complication. We were unable to identify predictors, such as degree of anticoagulation, fibrinogen levels, heparin dosing and the occurrence of either stroke or need for pump change. There were no mortalities in the cohort. All four patients underwent successful heart transplantation and at follow-up are alive and well.

DISCUSSION

Managing anticoagulation in the pediatric VAD patient remains a challenging task. Failure to provide adequate anticoagulation results in thromboembolic events. Unfortunately, if the balance is tipped too far, devastating hemorrhagic complications may ensue. Clinicians are further stymied by the lack of evidence-based guidelines to direct therapy based on available laboratory data. The current study provides a direct comparison of these laboratory tests to determine their degree of correlation with one another as well as with anticoagulant effect. In a robust comparison sample of greater than 100 individual data points from four patients, our study showed very strong correlations between aPTT, anti-Xa assay and R-TEG (Figure 1). This is not unexpected, but demonstrates that these tests segregate together and may be substituted for one another, especially in the clinically relevant ranges.

The role of TEG in routine monitoring remains controversial[17]. While TEG has limitations, including difficulty with reproducibility, the utilization of TEG may be beneficial when employed routinely by experienced practitioners within a single center. Interestingly, we found a significant and clinically important correlation between platelet count and MA-TEG (Figure 2). This supports the importance of maintaining a normal platelet count and need for increased anti-platelet agents in the setting of thrombocytosis to manage the strength of clot formation. Additionally, TEG with- and without heparinase is important for diagnosing coagulopathy on VAD and guiding therapy. Furthermore, the presence of a wide range of values suggests a significant underlying coagulopathy that would otherwise be under-appreciated. This may be secondary to multiple factor deficiencies, prothrombotic microparticles or activation of coagulation factors. TEG may enable clinicians to monitor underlying VAD-induced coagulopathy and thereby explain how complications of anticoagulation therapy arise despite achievement of target levels for other coagulation parameters. We are currently validating this hypothesis using a larger cohort of patients that includes those dependent upon mechanical circulatory support devices as well as those requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.

One important observation from our investigation is the lack of relevant correlation between unfractionated heparin (UNFH) dose and degree of effect as measured by aPTT, anti-Xa or R value (Figure 3). This potentially reflects a significant variation in response to heparin by patient as well as by the coagulation milieu at any given time. These results differ somewhat from data that suggests good correlation between aPTT and UNFH levels in adults on extracorporeal life support (ECLS)[18] as well as a recent study in a small cohort of pediatric patients on ECLS[19]. These discrepancies may reflect variations in heparin response amongst patients due to developmental differences in hemostasis and genetic variability[20,21]. Lastly, none of these tests are specific in their assessment of the effect of unfractionated heparin in vivo. A lack of correlation between heparin dose and PTT or anti-Xa assay has also been noted in other settings, including a cohort of critically ill children[10]. This is extremely relevant as various guidelines continue to recommend use of these monitoring parameters to titrate heparin therapy.

We also noted timing and significance of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events in our patient cohort. Three patients experienced significant morbidities. Two had an ischemic stroke and one had a hemorrhagic stroke. The older patient had an uneventful course. All patients eventually underwent successful bridge to transplantation and were discharged to home. At follow-up, all of them are alive. The patients with ischemic strokes have made a complete functional recovery, albeit after extensive rehabilitation. The patient who had hemorrhagic stroke still has speech delay and motor delay, but no deficits. Unfortunately, due to a small number of events, predictive modeling could not be performed to analyze further risk factors. Correlation of TEG and anticoagulation values with thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events in a larger patient cohort will provide valuable data as to the predictive ability of these tests. This study was also limited only to a single type of VAD. Future studies will include non-pulsatile and implantable devices such as Heartmate II or HeartWare HVAD in an effort to not only provide device-specific information, but also to determine if standards can be applied across all devices.

This study provides valuable data regarding the utility of common laboratories to monitor the state of hemostasis in VAD patients, as suggested by existing guidelines. It also highlights the imprecise nature of current means of monitoring and demonstrates that multiple targets in the hemostatic pathway need to be targeted in order to achieve the desired balance between prevention of device thrombosis and hemorrhagic consequences.

COMMENTS

Background

Appropriate anticoagulation continues to be a significant challenge in pediatric patients supported with ventricular assist devices (VADs) resulting in high rate of complications related to bleeding or clotting related complications. Clinicians attempt to address the imbalance between the pro- and anti-thrombotic states through the administration of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. However, the data regarding monitoring parameters is largely an extension of adult experience with very little data to support any pediatric monitoring strategies.

Research frontiers

There is therefore an immediate need for improving our understanding of coagulation and anticoagulation parameters in pediatric patients on VAD as well as for studies that validated anticoagulation strategies.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The current study provides a direct comparison of various laboratory tests to determine their degree of correlation with one another as well as with anticoagulant effect. In a robust comparison sample, this study showed very strong correlations between activated thromboplastin time (aPTT), anti-Xa assay and R-thromboelastography (R-TEG). Additionally, the authors show that the dose-response relationship between heparin and these monitoring parameters in very weak, underscoring the authors’ presumption that current guidelines for dose-titration based on anti-Xa levels may not be appropriate. Lastly, for the first time, the authors show the degree of underlying coagulopathy that can be assessed using TEG and underline the utility of the same.

Applications

The study underscores the need for continued research in pediatric coagulation system especially within hitherto unexplored world of pediatric VAD and hopefully improves understanding of monitoring and management parameters to improve the morbidity and mortality associated with VADs.

Terminology

VAD: Ventricular assist device, mechanical support as a circulatory assist; TEG: Thromboelastogram - a whole blood test for assessing the coagulation system in real time.

Peer-review

This is an interesting manuscript about the utility and correlation of anticoagulation parameters such as aPTT, anti-Xa, and R-TEG in the management of pediatric VADs.