Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function

Figure 1 Autonomic nervous system regulation of the heart function. The autonomic nervous system affects the rate and force of heart contractions. CNS: Central nervous system; RA: Right atria; LA: Left atria; RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle; SA: Sino-atrial node; AV: Atrioventricular node; NE: Norepinephrine; ACh: Acetylcholine.

Figure 2 Signal transduction systems for β-adrenergic receptor and muscarinic-receptor stimulations in a cardiac myocyte. NE: Norepinephrine; β1: Beta1-adrenergic receptor; G_s: Stimulatory G-protein: Ach: Acetylcholine; m₂: Type-2 muscarinic receptors; G_i: Inhibitory G-protein; AC: Adenylate cyclase; PKA: Protein kinase A; I_Ca,L: L-type Ca channel; RyR2: Ryanodine receptor 2; SERCA: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase2a; PLB: Phospholamban.

Figure 3 Schematic of cardiovascular reflexes and their influences on heart and vessels functions. NTS: Nucleus tractussolitarii; Symp: Sympathetic; CNS: Central nervous system; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Math 4 Math(A1).