Hypertension and medical expenditure in the Japanese population: Review of prospective studies

Figure 1 Crude arithmetic mean (A) and adjusted geometric mean (B) of medical expenditure per month over 10 years of follow-up in male and female Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-69 years, grouped according to sex and hypertension status. Analysis of covariance was used to compare log-transformed monthly medical expenditure in each blood pressure category, after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking habit, drinking habit, serum total cholesterol, and a history of diabetes. From Nakamura et al[6].

Figure 2 Percentage of medical expenditure attributable to pre-, stage 1, and stage 2 hypertension relative to medical expenditure incurred by the entire population of Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-69 years (100%). From Nakamura et al[6].

Figure 3 Crude arithmetic mean (A) and adjusted geometric mean (B) of medical expenditure per month over 10 years of follow-up in Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-69 years, grouped according to hypertension and diabetes status. Analysis of covariance was used to compare log-transformed monthly medical expenditure in each blood pressure category, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habit, drinking habit, and serum total cholesterol. From Nakamura et al[7].

Figure 4 Crude arithmetic mean (A) and adjusted geometric mean (B) of medical expenditure per month over 10 years of follow-up in male Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-69 years, grouped according to hypertension and smoking status. Analysis of covariance was used to compare log-transformed monthly medical expenditure in each blood pressure category, after adjustment for age, body mass index, drinking habit, serum total cholesterol, and a history of diabetes. From Nakamura et al[8].

Figure 5 Adjusted odds ratios for two kinds of events over one year of follow-up in male and female Japanese medical insurance beneficiaries aged 40-54 years, grouped according to hypertension status. The bars represent the risk of undergoing hospitalization for ≥ 14 cumulative days, while the diamonds represent the risk of falling into the top 1% group of medical expenditure. A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking habit, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, log-transformed fasting plasma glucose, and medications for hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, with the “optimal blood pressure” group acting as the reference. Male and female participants who fell into the sex-specific top 1% medical expenditure group each incurred ≥ 1571 euros/mo and ≥ 1249 euros/mo, respectively (1 euro = 95.91 Japanese yen). From Nakamura et al[11].