Redefying the therapeutic strategies against cardiorenal morbidity and mortality: Patient phenotypes

Figure 1 The path to precision medicine through patient phenotypes.

Figure 2 Predictive enrichment. Example for clinical study and clinical practice. Clinical question: Vascular disease management in CKD-5D. Bibliography: The calcification outcome in renal disease study[50] concluded that Leena Kauppila (LK) score > 4 and carotid femoral pulse wave velocity > 12 are predictors of mortality. In non-calcifiers (LK < 4) aortic stiffness plays a major role. CKD-5D: Chronic kidney disease stage 5 dialysis; PWV: Pulse wave velocity; LK: Leena Kauppila score; PTH: Parathortmone; Ca: Calcium; Ph: Phosporus; Mg: Magnesium; PP: Pulse pressure.