Cardiovascular implications of inflammatory bowel disease: An updated review

Figure 1 Factors implicated in development of cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAK: Janus kinase; ASA: Amino salicylic acid; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CVD: Cardiovascular diseases; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; CRP: C-reactive protein; S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; IL: Interleukin.

Figure 2 Duration of anticoagulation in inflammatory bowel disease patients with venous thromboembolism. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; VTE: Venous thromboembolism.

Figure 3 Prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.