Roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in angiogenesis

Figure 2 Schematic representation of vascular formation. The processes include vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, various growth factors and their receptors play spaciotemporally specific roles. Newly formed vessels are stabilized by the recruitment of mural cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PDGF: Plateletderived growth factor; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; TGFβR: TGFβ receptor; PDGFR: PDGF receptor.