Galectin-1-mediated biochemical controls of melanoma and glioma aggressive behavior

Figure 1 Major roles of galectin-1 in tumor biology. CD: Cluster of differentiation antigen, could be CD2, CD3, CD7, CD29, CD43 and/or CD45 that are expressed at the cell surface of activated T cell and that display typical β-galactosides recognized by galectin-1.

Figure 2 Processes and pathways mediated by galectin-1 in cancer cell migration. ADM: Adhesion molecules; ADAM-15: Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 15; ECM: Extracellular matrix; MAP2: Microtubule-associated protein 2; P: Phosphorylation; PKCε: Protein kinase C ε; RhoA: Ras homolog protein, member A GTPase.

Figure 3 Galectin-1-mediated control of angiogenesis. ATF3: Activating transcription factor 3; BEX2: Brain-expressed X-linked 2; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; CYR61: Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61; Erk: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GRP78 and GRP94: Glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94; IRE1-α: Endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 α; MDG1: Microvascular endothelial differentiation gene 1; Mek: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ORP150: Oxygen-related protein 150; Raf: Homolog to murine v-raf leukemia oncogene serine/threonine kinase; Ras: Rat sarcoma virus oncogene protein; TF: Transcription factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; XBP1: X-box-binding protein 1. EC: Endothelial cell.

Figure 4 How galectin-1 is involved in chemoresistance of cancer cells. ATF3 and ATF6: Activating transcription factor 3 and 6; DUSP5: Dual specificity protein phosphatase 5; GADD153 and GADD45A: Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 153 and 45 α; GRP78 and GRP94: Glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94; HSP70: Heat shock protein 70; IRE1-α: Endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 α; ORP150: Oxygen-related protein 150; PERK: Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; TF: Transcription factor; XBP1: X-box-binding protein 1.