Molecular genetics of early-onset colorectal cancer

Figure 1 Progression of normal mucosa to colorectal cancer subtypes. Shown are the major mutations in genes or pathways that have been implicated in the change from a normal colonic mucosa to cancer. In blue are the consensus molecular subtypes of cancers that arise from the preceding mutations based on transcriptomic analyses of colorectal cancer. This flow chart was assembled and modified from figures and information published in Langner et al[29] and Nguyen et al[31]. CMS: Consensus molecular subtype; MMR: Mismatch repair; CIMP: CpG island methylator phenotype-high.

Figure 2 Summary of key DNA, RNA, and protein alterations identified in early-onset colorectal cancer. Shown are DNA mutations and modifications, mRNA expression changes, and protein expression changes that have been reported to contribute to early-onset colorectal cancer and that may serve as biomarkers. miRNA: microRNAs.