Posterior approach (Kraske procedure) for surgical treatment of presacral tumors

Table 1 Classification of presacral tumors

Benign	Malignant
Congenital
Developmental cyst	Chordoma
Epidermoid cyst	Teratocarcinoma
Dermoid cyst
Tailgut cyst
Teratoma
Anterior meningocele
Rectal duplication
Adrenal rest tumors
Inflammatory
Granuloma	-
Pelvirectal abscess
Neurogenic
Neurofibroma	Neurofibrosarcoma
Ependymoma	Malignant Schwanoma
Neuroblastoma
Schwannoma
Neurolemmoma
Ganglioneuroma
Osseus
Osteoma	Chondrosarcoma
Simple bone cyst	Osteosarcoma
	Ewing’s sarcoma
Others
Myelolipoma	Metastatic disease
Fibroma	Liposarcoma
Lymphangioma	Carcinoid
Desmoid tumor	Fibrosarcoma
Leiomyoma

Table 2 Large series of presacral tumors

Author (yr)	Patients	Period (yr)	Male/female	Age (yr)	Benign/malignant	Surgical approach (A/P/C)
Uhlig et al[7] 1975	63	30	17:46	-	37/26	-
Jao et al[8] 1985	120	20	46:74	43 (0-81)	69/51	21/79/2 (85% resectibility rate)
Wang et al[9] 1995	45	15	20:25	41 (15-76)	23/22	24/13/6 (95% resectibility rate)
Lev-Chelouche et al[10] 2003	42	10	14:28	40 (21-84)	21/21	18/21/3

A: Anterior; P: Posterior; C: Combined.