Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2025; 17(4): 104726
Published online Apr 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.104726
Table 1 Distribution of demographic, surgical, pathological, clinical, and radiological characteristics of the patients included in the study
Items
Value
Age (years; n = 79)66.32 ± 11.87
Gender (n = 79)
    Male54 (68.35)
    Female25 (31.65)
BMI (kg/m2; n = 73)25.90 (19:44)
Tumor localization (n = 79)
    Upper rectum30 (37.97)
    Middle rectum16 (20.25)
    Lower rectum33 (41.77)
ASA score (n = 78)
    I1 (1.28)
    II30 (38.46)
    III46 (58.97)
    IV1 (1.28)
Operation type (n = 79)
    Open low anterior36 (45.57)
    Laparoscopic low anterior37 (46.84)
    Miles6 (7.59)
Operation time (min; n = 78)237.12 ± 59.82
Blood loss cc (n = 78)125 (50:200)
Tumor stage (n = 78)
    05 (6.41)
    121 (26.92)
    2A17 (21.79)
    2B3 (3.85)
    3A14 (17.95)
    3B9 (11.54)
    3C9 (11.54)
Tumor size (cm; n = 77)3.50 (0:17)
Pelvic inlet area-CT mm2 (n = 77)8428.65 ± 1232.66
Fecal diversion (n = 73)
    Exist48 (65.75)
    None20 (27.40)
Lymphovascular invasion (n = 74)23 (29.90)
Average number of lymph nodes dissected (n = 77)14.75 ± 7.99
PCI (n = 52)10.40 ± 2
Neoadjuvant therapy (n = 79)38 (48.10)
Adjuvant therapy (n = 74)50 (67.60)
Follow-up period (months; n = 75)32 (0:70)
Table 2 Comparisons based on demographic, pathological, and clinical variables among patient groups formed according to computed tomography measurements

n
Narrow
n
Normal
P value
Age (years)4867.13 ± 11.842964.86 ± 11.960.421a
Gender (n = 79)
    Male4839 (81.25)2914 (48.28)0.002b
    Female9 (18.75)15 (51.72)
BMI (kg/m2)4625.42 ± 3.96228.93 ± 5.150.002a
Tumor localization
    Upper rectum4820 (41.67)2910 (34.48)0.532b
    Middle rectum11 (22.92)5 (17.24)
    Lower rectum17 (35.42)14 (48.27)
ASA score
    I481 (2.08)2800.318c
    II15 (31.25)14 (50)
    III31 (64.58)14 (50)
    IV1 (2.08)0
Operation type
    Open low anterior4824 (50)2911 (37.93)0.281c
    Laparoscopic low anterior22 (45.83)14 (48.28)
    Miles2 (4.17)4 (13.79)
Tumor stage
    0471 (2.13)294 (13.79)0.604c
    113 (27.66)8 (27.59)
    2A11 (23.40)6 (20.69)
    2B2 (4.26)1 (3.45)
    3A7 (14.89)5 (17.24)
    3B6 (12.77)3 (10.34)
    3C7 (14.89)2 (6.90)
Tumor size (cm)464 (0:17)293 (0:7)0.052d
PCI3110.13 ± 1.992110.80 ± 20.236a
Table 3 Comparison of surgical outcomes among patient groups formed according to computed tomography measurements

n
Narrow
n
Normal
P value
Operation time (min)47237.66 ± 57.4329233.97 ± 65.330.797a
Blood loss (cc)48137.50 (50:200)28125 (50:200)0.723d
Length of stay (day)488 (4:32)297 (4:21)0.462d
Readmission
    Exist448 (53.33)287 (46.67)0.487b
    None36 (63.16)21 (36.84)
Dissected lymph nodes4615 (1:42)2913 (2:30)0.229d
Pelvic infection
    Exist486 (60)294 (40)> 0.99c
    None42 (62.69)25 (37.31)
Recurrence459 (20)306 (20)0.943b
Anastomosis leakage445 (62.50)263 (37.50)> 0.99c
Perioperative morbidity4819 (70.37)298 (29.63)0.285b
Surgical mortality481 (50)291 (50)0.645c
Table 4 Comparisons between patient groups with or without perioperative morbidity

n
Exist
n
None
P value
Age (year)2771.70 ± 9.165263.52 ± 12.220.003a
Gender
    Male2723 (85.19)5231 (59.62)0.020b
    Female4 (14.81)21 (40.38)
BMI (kg/m2)2327.60 (19:44)5024.90 (19.50:37.70)0.316d
Tumor localization
    Upper rectum2712 (44.44)5218 (34.62)0.588b
    Middle rectum4 (14.81)12 (23.08)
    Lower rectum11 (40.74)22 (42.31)
ASA score
    I270511 (1.96)0.583c
    II11 (40.74)19 (37.25)
    III15 (55.56)31 (60.78)
    IV1 (3.70)0
Operation time (min)27240 (130:360)51240 (150:360)0.782d
Blood loss (cc)26137.50 (50:200)52125 (50:200)0.355d
Tumor size253.50 (0.03:17)523.75 (0:8.40)0.836d
Pelvic inlet area-CT (mm2)278449.29 ± 1043.45508417.50 ± 1333.640.915a
Number of dissected lymph nodes2513 (3:32)5215 (1:42)0.372d
PCI179.62 ± 1.743510.78 ± 2.030.049a
Table 5 Comparison of surgical outcomes according to operation type
    
n
Open low anterior
n
Laparoscopic low anterior
n
Miles
P value
Operation time (min)36240 (165:360)36210 (130:360)6270 (180:360)0.023c
Length of hospital stay (days)369.50 (5:32)377 (4:32)69 (6:19)< 0.001c
Readmission
    Present337 (21.21)356 (17.14)62 (33.33)0.684b
    Absent26 (78.79)29 (82.86)4 (66.67)
Dissected lymph nodes3415 (1:29)3412 (2:42)620 (2:30)0.389c
Pelvic infection
    Present367 (19.44)373 (8.11)600.308b
    Absent29 (80.56)34 (91.89)6 (100)
Local recurrence346 (17.60)359 (25.70)600.378a
Anastomotic leakage335 (15.15)363 (8.33)000.527a
Surgical morbidity3615 (41.67)3711 (29.73)11 (16.67)
Surgical mortality363 (8.33)372 (5.41)600.783a
Table 6 Demographic, pathological, clinical, and radiological comparisons based on local recurrence development

n
Exist
n
None
P value
Age1570.13 ± 10.026064.90 ± 12.290.132a
Gender
    Male159 (60)6041 (68.33)0.540b
    Female6 (40)19 (31.67)
BMI (kg/m2)1425.40 (19:37.70)5625.60 (19.50:44)0.959d
Tumor localization
    Upper rectum155 (33.33)6023 (38.33)0.768b
    Middle rectum4 (26.67)11 (18.33)
    Lower rectum6 (40)26 (43.33)
ASA score
    I150591 (1.69)0.339c
    II6 (40)22 (37.29)
    III8 (53.33)36 (61.02)
    IV1 (6.67)0
Tumor stage
    0152 (13.33)593 (5.08)0.720c
    14 (26.67)16 (27.12)
    2A3 (20)13 (22.03)
    2B03 (5.08)
    3A2 (13.33)11 (18.64)
    3B3 (20)5 (8.47)
    3C1 (6.67)8 (13.56)
Tumor size (cm)153 (0.04:8.40)584 (0:17)0.612d
Pelvic inlet area-CT (mm2)158476.85 ± 1134.93598431.43 ± 1292.230.901a
Number of dissected lymph nodes (n)1512.33 ± 4.975815.10 ± 8.670.240a
PCI1110.50 ± 2.544010.41 ± 1.870.915a
Table 7 Risk factors affecting perioperative surgical morbidity, regression analysis
Univariate logistic regression model
Multivariate logistic regression model
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
Age (years)1.07 (1.02-1.12)0.005
Gender (male)3.90 (1.18-12.90)0.026
BMI1.05 (0.94-1.16)0.402
Tumor localization (upper rectum)0.592
    Middle rectum0.50 (0.13-1.92)0.313
    Lower rectum0.75 (0.27-2.10)0.583
ASA score1.15 (0.48-2.76)0.747
Operation type (open low anterior)0.375
    Laparoscopic low anterior0.59 (0.23-1.56)0.289
    Miles0.28 (0.03-2.65)0.267
    Operation duration1 (0.99-1.01)0.637
    Blood loss (cc)1 (0.99-1.02)0.325
Tumor stage (0)0.993
    11.33 (0.14-12.82)0.803
    2A1.23 (0.24-6.36)0.804
    2B1.09 (0.20-6.01)0.920
    3A00.999
    3B1.11 (0.19-6.49)0.907
    3C0.57 (0.07-4.64)0.601
Tumor size1.10 (0.91-1.33)0.311
Pelvic inlet area-CT (mm2)1 (1-1)0.913
Amount of dissected lymph node0.970 (0.91-1.03)0.348
PCI0.71 (0.52-1.01)0.056
Table 8 Risk factors affecting early recurrence development, regression analysis
Univariate logistic regression model
Multivariate logistic regression model
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
Age (years)1.04 (0.99-1.09)0.134
Gender (male)1.44 (0.45-4.62)0.542
BMI0.99 (0.87-1.12)0.854
Tumor localization (upper rectum)0.770
    Middle rectum1.67 (0.37-7.48)0.501
    Lower rectum1.06 (0.29-3.95)0.929
ASA score1.29 (0.44-3.78)0.639
Operation type (open low anterior)0.721
    Laparoscopic low anterior1.62 (0.51-55.17)0.419
    Miles00.999
    Operation duration0.99 (0.98-1)0.0670.99 (0.97-0.99)0.039
    Blood loss (cc)1 (0.99-1.02)0.548
Tumor stage (0)0.807
    15.33 (0.34-82.83)0.232
    2A2 (0.19-20.97)0.563
    2B1.85 (0.16-20.94)0.621
    3A00.999
    3B1.46 (0.11-18.96)0.775
    3C4.80 (0.39-59.90)0.223
Tumor size0.94 (0.74-1.20)0.635
Pelvic inlet area-CT (mm2)1 (1-1)0.900
Amount of dissected lymph node0.95 (0.88-1.03)0.239
PCI1.02 (0.732-1.43)0.894
Length of stay1.03 (0.94-1.12)0.503
Re-admission (exist)3.63 (1.04-12.72)0.0446.07 (1.42-25.97)0.015
Pelvic infection (exist)2.25 (0.49-10.29)0.296