Gastrointestinal bleeding after pancreatoduodenectomy: Report of four cases

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the four cases

Case number	Underlying disease	Age (years)	Gender	Postoperative days	Blood loss	Main symptoms	Bleeding location	Interventions	Outcome
1	PDAC	70	Male	874	Decrease in hemoglobin concentration less than 3 g/dL	Black stool and hematochezia	Gastrointestinal anastomosis and bile duct-jejunum anastomosis	Endoscopy	Successful hemostasis
2	PDAC	65	Female	477	Decrease in hemoglobin concentration over 3 g/dL	Haematemesis	Bile duct-jejunum anastomosis vascular malformation	Endoscopy	Successful hemostasis
3	Chronic pancreatitis	69	Male	1	Decrease in hemoglobin concentration over 3 g/dL	Blood in nasogastric tube	Gastrointestinal anastomosis	Endoscopy	Successful hemostasis
4	Periampullary adenocarcinoma	71	Male	10	Decrease in hemoglobin concentration over 3 g/dL	Blood in nasogastric tube, hematochezia, and hemorrhagic shock	Gastrointestinal anastomosis and extraluminal bleeding	Endoscopy and angiography	Dead