Innovative integration of lung ultrasound and wearable monitoring for predicting pulmonary complications in colorectal surgery: A prospective study

Table 1 Grading of postoperative pulmonary complications

Grading of postoperative pulmonary complications
Grade 1	Cough, dry Microatelectasis: Abnormal lung imaging and temperature > 37.5 ℃ without other documented cause Dyspnea
Grade 2	Cough, productive
	Bronchospasm
	Hypoxemia
	Atelectasis
	Hypercarbia: Requiring treatment, such as naloxone or increased manual or mechanical ventilation
Grade 3	Pleural effusion, resulting in thoracentesis
	Pneumonia, suspected: Radiologic evidence without microbiological evidence
	Pneumonia, proved
	Pneumothorax
	Reintubation postoperatively, period of ventilator dependence does not exceed 48 hours
Grade 4	Ventilatory failure: Period of ventilator dependence exceeding 48 hours

Table 2 Relationship between lung ultrasound score and postoperative pulmonary complication incidence, n (%)

	Lung ultrasound score (n = 101)	Lung ultrasound score ≥ 6	Regression coefficient B	Standard error	P value	OR	Lower CI	Upper CI
Pre-operative	0.47 (0.83)	0 (0)
POD1	3.54 (2.22)	18 (17.8)	0.378	0.717	0.597	1.46	0.358	5.949
POD2	4.64 (2.88)	36 (35.6)	1.232	0.614	0.045	3.429	1.029	11.429
POD3	2.75 (1.86)	6 (5.9)	0.324	1.138	0.776	1.383	0.149	12.874
POD4	1.87 (1.72)	5 (5.0)	2.557	0.972	0.009	12.9	1.919	86.703
POD5	1.15 (1.39)	1 (1.0)	-19.302	40192.97	1	0	0	-
Mean for POD1-5	2.79 (1.61)	2 (2.0)	1.981	1.447	0.171	7.25	0.425	123.688
Peak in POD1-5	5.32 (2.51)	43 (42.6)	1.715	0.694	0.013	5.556	1.425	21.656

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; POD: Postoperative day.

Table 3 Postoperative movement and lung ultrasound score in different postoperative days, mean ± SD

	Movement distance				Lung ultrasound score
	n = 101	Difference from yesterday	95%CI of mean difference	P value	n = 101	Difference from yesterday	95%CI of mean difference	P value
POD1	466 (195)				3.54 (2.22)
POD2	743 (310)	277 (216)	(234, 319)	0.000	4.64 (2.88)	1.10 (2.54)	(0.60, 1.60)	0.000
POD3	1025 (347)	281 (221)	(238, 325)	0.000	2.75 (1.86)	-1.89 (1.98)	(-2.28, -1.50)	0.000
POD4	1212 (391)	187 (208)	(146, 228)	0.000	1.87 (1.72)	-0.88 (1.49)	(-1.18, -0.59)	0.000
POD5	1264 (323)	52 (285)	(-5, 108)	0.072	1.15 (1.39)	-0.72 (0.92)	(-0.90, -0.54)	0.000

POD: Postoperative day; CI: Confidence interval.