Clinical application value of long non-coding RNAs signatures of genomic instability in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Typical biomarkers in different groups

Species	Name	Feature	Ref.
Genomics	PDXK	Cuproptosis-related gene signature	Chen et al[21]
	m6A/m5C/m1A	Poor prognosis and immune microenvironment in HCC	Li et al[22]
	CANT1	Histologic grade	Liu et al[23]
	CTSA	The most critical basement membrane-related genes	Sun et al[24]
	Mutation Capsule Plus	Multiple analyses of a cfDNA sample to obtain its whole genome information	Wang et al[25]
	IL18RAP, CHP1, VAMP2, PIK3R1, PRKCD	5-NKRLSig, associated with natural killer cells	Xi et al[26]
	CDCA8, CENPA, SPC25, TTK	Four central genes involved in cellular senescence	Zhang et al[27]
	PHF19	As a crucial constituent part of Polycomb repressive complex 2, PHD finger protein 19 plays a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation	Zhu et al[28]
Proteomics	Lysine crotonylation	Higher crotonylation in HCC cells facilitated cell invasiveness	Zhang et al[29]
	SLC1A4	SLC1A4 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression, and promoted cell apoptosis in HCC	Peng et al[30]
Metabolomics	MG (monoacylglyceride)	It might accumulate in patients with advanced HCC due to the deficit of MGLL	Lin et al[31]
	NrLR	Neutrophil times γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to lymphocyte ratio	Wu et al[32]
	IL-6	Interleukin-6 promotes the growth of the HCC microenvironment	Dalbeni et al[33]
Others	Gut microbiome	Strong diagnosis potential for early HCC and even advanced HCC	Ren et al[34]
	Intratumor microbiome	It can affect HCC patients' prognosis by modulating the cancer stemness and immune response	Song et al[35]
	LI-RADS	Liver imaging reporting and data system	Ronot et al[36]
	A combined clinicoradiological MR-based model integrating radiomics features	This model was shown to be associated with recurrence-free survival	Song et al[37]

PDXK: Pyridoxal kinase; m6A: N⁶-methyladenosine; m5C: 5C-methyltransferase; m1A: 1A-methyltransferase; CANT1: Calcium-activated protein nucleotidase 1; CTSA: Cathepsin A; IL18RAP: Interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein; CHP1: Calcineurin-like EF-hand protein 1; VAMP2: Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2; PRKCD: Protein kinase C delta; CDCA8: Cell division cycle-associated 8; CENPA: Centromere protein A; SPC25: SPC25 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex; TTK: TTK protein kinase; PHD: Plant homeodomain; PHF19: Plant homeodomain finger protein-19; SLC1A4: Solute carrier family 1 member 4; MG: Monoacylglyceride; NrLR: Neutrophil times γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to lymphocyte ratio; IL-6: Interleukin-6; LI-RADS: Liver imaging reporting and data system; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MGLL: Monoacylglycerol lipase; 5-NKRLSig: 5-Natural killer-related signature; cfDNA: Cell-free DNA; PIK3R1: Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1.