Blastomas of the digestive system in adults: A review

Table 1 Summary of reported cases of adult gastroblastoma

Ref.	Age/sex	Location	Molecular alteration (s)	Treatment	Follow-up	Recurrence or metastasis
Castri et al[43], 2019	74/M	Gastric antrum	MALAT1::GLI1	Partial gastrectomy	5 years	Recurrence after 5 years
Centonze et al[28], 2019	43/F	Gastric antrum	Not performed	Partial gastrectomy	100 months	No
Fernandes et al[44], 2014	19/F	Gastric antrum	Not performed	Partial distal gastrectomy	20 months	No
Graham et al[3], 2017	27/M	Stomach	MALAT1::GLI1	Partial gastrectomy	12 months	No
Graham et al[3], 2017	56/F	Stomach	MALAT1::GLI1	N/A	N/A	Metastasis to liver
McCammon et al[2], 2023	26/M	Gastric pylorus extending through the first and second portions of the duodenum	MALAT1::GLI1	Tumor resection from the mucosa of pylorus and duodenum	2 months	No
Miettinen et al[1], 2009	30/M	Gastric antrum	Not performed	Antrectomy, postoperative radiation	14 years	No
Miettinen et al[1], 2009	27/F	Gastric body	Not performed	Partial gastrectomy	5 years	No
Miettinen et al[1], 2009	19/M	Gastric body	Not performed	Subtotal gastrectomy	3.5 years	No
Pinto et al[31], 2019	53/F	Gastric antrum	Not performed	Partial gastrectomy	18 months	No
Poizat et al[45], 2012	22/F	Duodenum	Not performed	Partial resection of the distal duodenum	16 months	No
Toumi et al[46], 2017	29/F	Gastric body	Not performed	Partial gastrectomy + splenectomy	6 months	Local recurrence after 6 months
Wey et al[30], 2012	28/M	Distal stomach	MALAT1::GLI1	Preoperative chemotherapy + partial gastrectomy	3 months	Metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, pelvis; clinically stable at 3 months
Gong et al[47], 2023	19/M	Gastric antrum	No gene break rearrangement detected by FISH	Partial gastrectomy	19 months	No
Zhu et al[48], 2018	65/F	Gastric body	Not performed	Full-thickness resection of the gastric wall	4 years	No
Chen et al[5], 2022 and Liu et al[6], 2022	58/M	Gastric body	PTCH1::GLI2	Endoscopic submucosal dissection	1 year	No

F: Female; M: Male; N/A: Not available.

Table 2 Summary of reported cases of adult hepatoblastoma from recent 10 years (2013-2023)

Ref.	Age/sex	Location	Hepatitis B	Liver cirrhosis	AFP	Metastasis at diagnosis	Histology	Treatment	Follow-up	Recurrence or metastasis
Pagarigan et al[49], 2023	49/F	Right hepatic lobe	HBsAg (+); anti-HBc (+)	Yes	> 50000 ng/mL	No	Mixed	Surgical resection + postoperative chemotherapy	4 months	Recurrence
Ihssan et al[10], 2022	26/F	Right Hepatic lobe	No	No	2275 ng/mL	No	Epithelial (the mixed fetal and embryonic pattern)	Surgical resection	N/A	N/A
Ihssan et al[10], 2022	50/M	Entire liver	No	No	6386 ng/mL	No	Mixed	N/A	N/A	N/A
Park et al[50], 2015	36/F	Right hepatic lobe	HBsAg (+); anti-HBc (+)	Yes	676.5 ng/mL	No	Mixed	Surgical resection + postoperative chemotherapy	5 months	Intraperitoneal metastasis, died
Caso-Maestro et al[51], 2013	27/M	Right hepatic lobe	HBsAg +, HBcAb +, HBeAb +	No	1166000 ng/mL		Mixed	Surgical resection	27 months	Left adrenal recurrence followed by total adrenalectomy; alive
Al-Jiffry et al[33], 2013	22/M	Left hepatic lobe	No	No	Normal	Diaphragm, pericardial, and IVC infiltration	Mixed	Surgical resection	16 d	Died
Cienfuegos et al[52], 2013	37/F	Segment 5 and 6 of the liver	HBsAg +, HBcAb +, HBeAb +	Yes	1556.3 ng/mL	No	Mixed	Surgical resection	10 months	Recurrence and died
Zhang et al[53], 2013	32/F	Left hepatic lobe	No	No	Normal	No	Epithelial, neuroendocrine differentiation	N/A	N/A	N/A
Park et al[50], 2015	36/F	Right hepatic lobe	HBsAg +, HBcAb +, HBeAb +		676.5 ng/mL	No	Mixed	Surgical resection + postoperative chemotherapy	12 months	Left subphrenic area metastasis; died
Celotti et al[54], 2016	68/M	Left hepatic lobe	No	No	1231 ng/mL	Pericardial metastasis	Mixed	Left lobectomy +; diaphragm resection + extended pericardiectomy	21 months	No recurrence
Urdiain et al[55], 2019	65/M	Right hepatic lobe	No	No	N/A	No	Epithelial	Surgical resection	10 months	Recurrence, died
Dave et al[56], 2019	84/M	Left hepatic lobe	N/A	N/A	708 IU/mL	Metastatic to left lower bronchus, left descending pulmonary artery and left descending pulmonary vein	Mixed	N/A	N/A	N/A

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; F: Female; M: Male; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface Antigen; HBcAb: Hepatitis B core antibody; HBeAb: Hepatitis B e-antibody; N/A: Not available; IVC: Inferior vena cava.

Table 3 Summary of reported cases of adult pancreatoblastoma from recent 5 years (2018-2023)

Ref.	Age/sex	Location	Metastasis before treatment	Treatment	Follow-up (months/years)	Recurrence/metastasis	Outcome
Rojas et al[22], 2023	45/F	Pancreatic tail	No	Pancreatectomy and splenectomy; Chemotherapy; stem cell transplant	3 months	Liver metastasis	N/A
Machado et al[57], 2023	3 patients (2F, 1M); avg age: 51	Tail and body of pancreas	Liver and lung metastasis	Surgical resection	6 years 2 months	Regional or distant metastasis	2 died; 1 alive after 6 years 2 months following surgery
Hussain and Farrukh[58], 2023	75/M	Pancreatic head	Liver metastasis	Chemotherapy; stent insertion	5 months	No	Stable
Wu et al[34], 2022	7 patients (2M, 5F); avg age: 56.71	Pancreatic head (n = 3), tail (n = 2), gastric antrum (n = 1), neck (n = 1)	Liver (n = 2), Lymph node (n = 2), kidney adrenal (n = 1)	N/A	Not reported in 3 cases, 24, 26, 4, 4 months in others	N/A	4 patients died during follow-up
Suemitsu et al[59], 2021	74/M	Tail of pancreas	No	Open distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy	36 months	No	Recurrence-free
Li et al[35], 2021	60/F	Tail of the pancreas	Right liver metastasis	Resection and chemotherapy	16 months	N/A	Death
Morales et al[20], 2021	76/M	Pancreatic head	Lymphovascular and perineural invasion	Chemotherapy	32 months	No	Stable
Raoul et al[60], 2021	33/F	Pancreas	Invading gastric wall	Pancreatectomy, Chemotherapy	14 months	Liver metastasis	Stable
Raoul et al[60], 2021	33/F	Pancreatic tail	Liver metastasis	Chemotherapy	20 months	No	Stable
Elghawy et al[61], 2021	23/F	Pancreatic tail	Liver metastasis	Chemotherapy; autologous hematopoietic cell transplant	57 months	N/A	Stable
Zhang et al[36], 2020	7 patients (7M); Avg age: 44.71	Pancreatic head (n = 3), neck (n = 1), body (n = 1), tail (n = 2)	Only 1 patient liver metastasis	Surgical resection	1.5 months, 6 months, 8 months, 8.5 months, 10 months, 2 years, 4 years	3 patients developing liver metastasis	Alive = 2, lost to follow-up = 5
Snyder et al[62], 2020	28/F	N/A	Liver metastasis	Chemotherapy; left suboccipital craniotomy	More than 51 months	Brain metastasis	Alive
Morrissey et al[63], 2020	69/M	Pancreatic head	No	Adjuvant chemotherapy; Surgical resection	10 weeks	No	Alive (tumor-free)
Berger et al[64], 2020	32/F	Pancreatic head	Liver metastasis	Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Lymphonodectomy; Right hemihepatectomy for liver metastasis; Chemotherapy	14 months	Lung metastasis	Died
Berger et al[64], 2020	19/M	Pancreas	No	Chemotherapy, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; autologous stem cell transplantation	24 months	Liver and abdominal lymph node metastasis	Died
Berger et al[64], 2020	30/M	Pancreatic head	No	Complete pancreatectomy; adjuvant chemotherapy: Immunotherapy	17 months	Liver metastasis	Died
Berger et al[64], 2020	20/F	Pancreatic tail	Diffuse liver metastasis	Chemotherapy	14 months	N/A	Died
Liu et al[65], 2020	49/M	Pancreatic tail	Liver metastasis	Complete resection of the primary and metastatic lesions.	2 years	N/A	Stable
Yin et al[66], 2019	27/F	Pancreatic head	No	Pancreatoduodenectomy	1 year and 10 months	Liver metastasis	Alive
Reid et al[67], 2019	11 adults (6M, 5F); median age: 45	Pancreatic head (n = 7), tail (n = 4)	3 patients, location N/A	Not mentioned in detail; suggestive of surgical resection	Average 39.8 months	4 cases developing metastasis	Alive = 6, died = 5
Chen et al[19], 2018	26/M	Head of pancreas	Liver metastasis	TACE	4 years	No	Died
Yamaguchi et al[24], 2018	37/F	Pancreas head	No	Pancreaticoduodenectomy and chemotherapy	13 months	Liver metastasis	Died
Nunes et al[68], 2018	31/M	Pancreatic tail	Liver metastasis	Hemodialysis	3 months	N/A	Died

TACE: Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization; N/A: Not available; M: Male; F: Female.