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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2024; 16(2): 585-595
Published online Feb 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.585
Published online Feb 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.585
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included studies
Ref. | Country | Study date | Patients | Study type | Follow-up | Diagnosis of gastric cancer | Definition of oral health | NOS |
Watabe et al[32], 1998 | Japan | October 1996 to September 1997 | 242 | Retrospective cohort study | NA | Gastric cancer | Brush teeth, decayed teeth, gingivitis, bad occlusion, dentures (partial and full), and lack of teeth ≥ 10 | 6 |
Abnet et al[27], 2001 | China | March 1986 to May 1991 | 28868 | Prospective cohort study | 5.25 yr | Gastric cardia tumor and non-cardia tumor | Tooth loss | 8 |
Hujoel et al[20], 2003 | United States | 1971 to 1992 | 11328 | Prospective cohort study | Until 1992 | Gastric cancer (ICD-9 151.0-151.9) | Periodontitis, gingivitis, and edentulism | 7 |
Abnet et al[28], 2005 | Finland | 1985 to 1999 | 29124 | Prospective cohort study | April 1993 to April 1999 | Gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma | Tooth loss included 0-10 teeth lost, 11-31 teeth lost, and edentulous | 8 |
Michaud et al[29], 2008 | United States | 1986 to January 2004 | 49375 | Prospective cohort study | Median of 17.7 yr | Gastric cancer | Periodontal disease and tooth loss | 9 |
Hiraki et al[19], 2008 | Japan | 2000 to 2005 | 15720 | Case-control study | NA | Gastric cancer (ICD-10 C16) | Remaining teeth | 7 |
Shakeri et al[31], 2013 | Iran | January 2004 to June 2008 | 922 | Case-control study | December 2004 to December 2011 | Gastric adenocarcinoma included non-cardia, cardia, and mixed-locations | Tooth loss, decayed, missing, filled teeth score, and frequency of tooth brushing | 6 |
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018 | Sweden | 1973 to 1974 | 19831 | Prospective cohort study | 569233 person-years | Gastric cancer was divided into cardia (ICD 151.1) and non-cardia gastric cancer (all ICD-7 151 codes except ICD 151.1) | Number of teeth, dental plaque status, and presence of any oral mucosal lesions | 7 |
Yano et al[33], 2021 | Iran | January 2004 to June 2008 | 50045 | Prospective cohort study | Until December 31, 2019 | Gastric cancer cases were limited to adenocarcinomas (cardia and non-cardia) | Frequency of tooth brushing, tooth loss, and the sum of decayed, missing, or filled teeth | 9 |
Zhang et al[8], 2022 | China | October 2010 to September 2013 | 2873 | Case-control | NA | Gastric cancer was divided into esophagogastric junction cancer and total gastric cancer | Tooth loss after 20 yr, number of tooth loss after age 20 yr, age of first tooth loss after age 20 yr, denture wearing, number of filled teeth, missing and filled teeth, frequency of toothbrushing, frequency of oral discomfort while eating, avoidance of some foods because of oral problems | 6 |
Zhang et al[34], 2022 | China | 2004 to 2008 | 510148 | Prospective cohort study | Median of 9.17 yr and range of 0.1 to 11.5 yr | Gastric cancer (ICD-10 C16) | Gum bleeding and rarely or never brush teeth | 9 |
Kim et al[21], 2022 | South Korea | January 2003 to December 2015 | 713201 | Retrospective cohort study | Up to 10 yr | Gastric cancer (ICD-10 C16) | Periodontitis (who visited a dental clinic two or more than two times within one year and were diagnosed with periodontitis under those ICD-10 codes (K05.2, K05.3, K05.4, K05.5, and K05.6) | 9 |
Table 2 Results of quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies
Ref. | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Scores | |||||
Representativeness of exposure | Selection of the non-exposure | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome was not present at start | Cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis | Assessment | Long follow-up for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up | ||
Abnet et al[28], 2005 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
Abnet et al[27], 2001 | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
Hiraki et al[19], 2008 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 |
Hujoel et al[20], 2003 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 |
Kim et al[21], 2022 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
Michaud et al[29], 2008 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018 | ☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
Watabe et al[32], 1998 | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | 6 |
Yano et al[33], 2021 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
Table 3 Results of quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies
Ref. | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Scores | |||||
Adequate definition of cases | Representativeness of the cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Control for important factor1 | Ascertainment of exposure | Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-response rate | ||
Shakeri et al[31], 2013 | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 6 |
Zhang et al[8], 2022 | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ☆ | 6 |
Zhang et al[34], 2022 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
Table 4 The analyses were adjusted for the following variables
Ref. | Variables of adjustment |
Abnet et al[28], 2005 | Age and education |
Abnet et al[27], 2001 | Age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol use |
Hiraki et al[19], 2008 | Age, sex, smoking and drinking status (never, former, current), vegetable and fruit intake, BMI, and regular exercise |
Hujoel et al[20], 2003 | Age and gender |
Kim et al[21], 2022 | Age |
Michaud et al[29], 2008 | Age (continuous), ethnic origin (white, Asian, black), physical activity (quintiles), history of diabetes (yes or no), alcohol (quartiles), BMI (< 22, 22-24.9, 25-29.9, 30 +), geographical location (south, west, northeast, mid-west), height (quintiles), calcium intake (quintiles), total calorific intake (quintiles), red-meat intake (quintiles), fruit and vegetable intake (quintiles), vitamin D score (deciles), smoking history (never, past quit ≤ 10 yr, past quit > 10 yr, current 1-14 cigarettes per day, 15-24 cigarettes per day, 25 + cigarettes per day), and pack-years (continuous) |
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018 | Age as time-scale, age at entry, sex, area of residence (rural, small-town or urban), tobacco use status (non-tobacco use, smoking only, snus only or mixed usage), and alcohol consumption (less than once a week versus once a week or more) |
Shakeri et al[31], 2013 | Age, ethnicity, education, fruit and vegetable use, socioeconomic status, ever opium or tobacco use, and denture use |
Watabe et al[32], 1998 | NA |
Yano et al[33], 2021 | Age, sex, socioeconomic score, ethnicity, residence, education, cigarette use, and opium use |
Zhang et al[8], 2022 | Age (continuous), sex, education (illiteracy, primary school, junior school, high school and above), marital status (single, married, divorced or widowed), job type (farmer, worker, others), wealth score (five levels), BMI 10 years ago (< 18.5 kg/m2, 1.85 to 24.0 kg/m2, 24.0 to 28.0 kg/m2, ≥ 28.0 kg/m2), tobacco smoking (never, ≤ 30 pack-years, > 30 pack-years), alcohol drinking (never, ≤ 80 g/d, > 80 g/d), H. pylori seropositivity (yes/no), and family history of GC (yes/no) |
Zhang et al[34], 2022 | Age (continuous), sex (male, female), BMI (continuous), study sites (10 sites), education level (no formal school, primary or middle school, high school and above), marital status (married, other), household income per year (< 10000, < 10000-19999, < 20000-34999, or < 35000), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, occasional drinker, former drinker, or regular drinker), smoking status (never smoker, occasional smoker, former smoker, or regular smoker), physical activity in MET hours a day (continuous), aspirin prescription for CVD (no, yes, or missing), menopausal status (pre-menopausal or post-menopausal, women only), personal history of diabetes (no, yes), and family history of cancer (no, yes) |
- Citation: Liu F, Tang SJ, Li ZW, Liu XR, Lv Q, Zhang W, Peng D. Poor oral health was associated with higher risk of gastric cancer: Evidence from 1431677 participants. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16(2): 585-595
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v16/i2/585.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.585