Prevention and management of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in lower extremities of patients with gastrointestinal tumor

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics

Characteristic	Value (n = 100)
Age, years (mean ± SD)	62.4 ± 11.7
Sex (male), n (%)	58 (58)
BMI, kg/m² (mean ± SD)	26.8 ± 4.3
Tumor type, n (%)
Colorectal	40 (40)
Gastric	25 (25)
Pancreatic	15 (15)
Hepatobiliary	12 (12)
Esophageal	8 (8)
Tumor stage, n (%)
I	12 (12)
II	28 (28)
III	42 (42)
IV	18 (18)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	45 (45)
Diabetes mellitus	22 (22)
Coronary artery disease	15 (15)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	10 (10)
Preoperative laboratory values (mean ± SD)
Hemoglobin, g/dL	11.8 ± 1.6
Platelet count, × 109/L	256 ± 78
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.9 ± 0.3
Caprini risk score, n (%)
Moderate (2 points)	5 (5)
High (3-4 points)	32 (32)
Highest (≥ 5 points)	63 (63)

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Surgical Characteristics

Characteristic	Value (n = 100)
Surgical approach, n (%)
Open	65 (65)
Laparoscopic	35 (35)
Type of surgery, n (%)
Colectomy	30 (30)
Gastrectomy	25 (25)
Pancreaticoduodenectomy	15 (15)
Liver resection	12 (12)
Low anterior resection	10 (10)
Esophagectomy	8 (8)
Operative time, minute [median (IQR)]	245 (180-320)
Estimated blood loss, mL [median (IQR)]	300 (150-500)
Intraoperative transfusion, n (%)	18 (18)

IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3 Risk Factors for deep vein thrombosis development

Variable	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age (per year)	1.04 (0.99-1.09)	0.089	1.05 (1.01-1.09)	0.042
BMI (per kg/m²)	1.12 (1.02-1.22)	0.015	1.11 (1.03-1.19)	0.008
Male sex	1.56 (0.29-8.33)	0.601	-	-
Advanced tumor stage (III/IV)	2.33 (0.43-12.5)	0.323	-	-
Open surgical approach	2.78 (0.52-14.9)	0.232	-	-
Operative time (per 10 minute)	1.06 (1.01-1.11)	0.022	1.007 (1.001-1.013)	0.031
Estimated blood loss (per 100 mL)	1.18 (0.98-1.42)	0.076	1.11 (0.97-1.27)	0.124
Highest caprini risk category	3.45 (0.64-18.5)	0.149	-	-

In the multivariate analysis, advanced age [odds ratio (OR): 1.05; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.01-1.09; P = 0.042], higher body mass index (OR: 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.19; P = 0.008), and longer operative time (OR: 1.007; 95%CI: 1.001-1.013; P = 0.031) were identified as independent risk factors for deep vein thrombosis development. OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index.