Three-dimensional printing for preoperative rehearsal and intraoperative navigation during laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery with left colic artery preservation

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the enrolled rectal cancer patients

Characteristic	The control group (n = 68)	The observation group (n = 72)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)
mean ± SD	64.9 ± 12.4	66.2 ± 10.5	0.636	0.513
Median (IQR)	67.0 (59.0-73.0)	69.0 (60.0-72.0)		0.644
Gender			0.759	0.448
Male	43	41
Female	25	31
Clinical stage			0.752	0.687
I	25	23
II	20	26
III	23	23
Diverting stoma			1.703	0.192
Yes	46	41
No	22	31
IMA types			1.947	0.584
I	28	35
II	19	16
III	21	20
IV	0	1
Neoadjuvant therapy			0.176	0.675
Yes	24	23
No	44	49
Tumor location			0.471	0.790
High	19	17
Middle	35	41
Low	14	14

IQR: Interquartile range; IMV: Inferior mesenteric vein.

Table 2 Perioperative characteristics of rectal cancer patients

Characteristic	The control group (n = 68)	The observation group (n = 72)	t/χ2	P value
Operating time (minute)
mean ± SD	198.5 ± 49.6	174.5 ± 38.2	3.188	0.002
Median (IQR)	200.0 (165.0-225.0)	170.0 (150.0-208.8)		0.004
Intraoperative blood loss (mL), mean ± SD	58.2 ± 30.8	43.9 ± 31.3	2.857	0.005
Number of lymph node dissections, mean ± SD	14.5 ± 5.1	14.8 ± 5.5	0.336	0.738
Lymph vessel invasion			0.776	0.438
Yes	21	18
No	47	54
Nerve invasion			1.582	0.554
Yes	15	13
No	53	59
T			0.416	0.677
T1/T2	24	28
T3/T4	44	44
N			0.237	0.813
N0	45	49
N+	23	23
Postoperative recovery time (day)
mean ± SD	10.5 ± 4.9	8.6 ± 2.6	2.754	0.007
Median (IQR)	9.0 (8.0-10.75)	8.0 (7.0-9.0)		0.001
Duration of stay in the hospital (days)
mean ± SD	15.9 ± 5.6	13.1 ± 3.1	3.639	0.001
Median (IQR)	14.0 (13.0-18.0)	12.5 (11.0-14.8)		0.001
Cost (thousand RMB)
mean ± SD	40.1 ± 10.1	35.1 ± 5.9	2.105	0.001
Median (IQR)	38.7 (34.7-42.7)	35.1 (31.4-38.6)		0.001
Intestinal obstruction				0.432
Yes	4	2
No	64	70
Anastomotic leakage				0.265
Yes	5	2
No	63	70
Wound infection				0.356
Yes	3	1
No	65	71
Postoperative complications			4.026	0.048
Yes	12	5
No	54	67

IQR: Interquartile range.