How far is the endoscopist to blame for a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complication?

Table 1 Classification according to the organ/anatomical structure injured

Classification of complications
Colonic injuries
Liver injuries
Vascular injuries/bleeding
R. gastric artery
L. gastric artery
Splenic artery
Gastroepiploic artery
Portal vein
Splenic artery and pancreas
Sup. pancreatic branch of SMA and pancreas
Lesser curvate small vessels
Gastroepiploic artery pseudoaneurysm
L. gastric artery pseudoaneurysm
Gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm
Gastric wall intramural hematoma
Visceral injuries
Esophagus
Posterior gastric wall
Jejunum
Spleen
Peritonitis

SMA: Superior mesenteric artery.

Table 2 Publications including the 50 cases of colonic injuries

Ref.	Cited	Clinical signs
Aschl et al[72]	Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 760-762	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Bertolini et al[18]	World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 11439-11442	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Brown et al[73]	Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37: 229-231	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Burke et al[74]	Diagn Ther Endosc 2011; 2011: 849460	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Chime et al[75]	Gastrointest Med 2020	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Diéguez Castillo et al[76]	Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition) 2019; 42: 39-40	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Fernandes et al[77]	Gastrointestinal endoscopy 1988; 34: 368-369	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Friedmann et al[78]	Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 469-476	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Guloglu et al[79]	J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2003; 13: 69-72	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Heuss et al[80]	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137: 2043-2046	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Huang et al[81]	AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: S65-66.	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Hwang et al[82]	Clin Endosc 2012; 45: 95-98	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Kim et al[83]	Intest Res 2014; 12: 251-255	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Kuriyama et al[84]	Intern Med 2016; 55: 3549	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Lee et al[85]	Korean J Gastroenterol 2014; 63: 120-4	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Lee et al[86]	Clin Endosc 2018; 51:196-200	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Lenzen et al[19]	Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2012; 27: 1254	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Lohiya et al[87]	J Am Board Fam Med 2010; 23: 681-684	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Murphy et al[16]	J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 532-533	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Nunes et al[88]	Turk J Gastroenterol 2019; 30:761-763	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Nunes et al[89]	GE Port J Gastroenterol 2019; 26:441-447	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Okutani et al[90]	Acta Med Okayama 2008; 62: 135-138	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Pitsinis et al[91]	Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 876-878	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Saltzberg et al[92]	JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11: 86-87	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Smyth et al[93]	Nutrition 2003; 19: 905-906	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Taheri et al[94]	JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 56-60	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Tong et al[95]	Endoscopy 2007; 39 Suppl 1: E69	Diarrhea and fecal odor
van Gossum et al[96]	Endoscopy 1988; 20: 161	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Jiménez Varo et al[97]	Nutricion hospitalaria 2014; 29: 460-463	Diarrhea and fecal odor
Winder et al[17]	Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 1290-1291	Fecal material exiting from the tube
Yamazaki et al[98]	Surg Endosc 1999; 13:280-282	Diarrhea and fecal odor