Impact of anastomotic leakage on long-term prognosis after colorectal cancer surgery

Table 1 Summary table of all studies reporting on anastomotic leakage and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

Ref.	Study	Period	Cancer	Patients	LR	DR	OS	CSS	DFS	30 d mortality	Follow-up (mo)	Stage	Leak's definition	AL rate (%)	LR rate (%)	Multivariate analysis
Phillips et al[35], 1984	PCS	1976-1980	C + R	1627	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	≥ 60	I, II, III	NR	8	14	No
Sauven et al[36], 1989	RCS	1978-1981	C + R	53	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	36	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	19	13	No
Amato et al[37], 1991	PCS	1981-1995	R	78	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	≥ 24	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	17	12	No
Akyol et al[38], 1991	RCS	1985-1989	C + R	167	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	25	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	19	18	Yes
Fujita et al[39], 1993	PCS	1970-1991	C/R	980	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	NR	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	3	3	Yes
Pakkastie et al[100], 1995	PCS	1981-1990	R	116	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	48	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	16	28	No
Petersen et al[40], 1998	RCS	1985-1995	C + R	331	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	32	I, II, III, IV	Clin	8	9	Yes
Merkel et al[70], 2001	RCS	1978-1996	R	814	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	90	I, II, III	Clin	11	14	Yes
Bell et al[101], 2003	PCS	1971-1991	R	401	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	13	12	Yes
Law et al[102], 2004	PCS	1993-2002	R	622	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	39, 6	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	6	10	Yes
Walker et al[43], 2004	PCS	1971-1999	C + R	1722	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	5	NR	Yes
Branagan et al[41], 2005	PCS	1991-1995	C/R	1834	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	4	10	Yes
Eriksen et al[92], 2005	PCS	1993-1999	R	1958	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	45	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	12	11	Yes
McArdle et al[42], 2005	PCS	1991-1994	C + R	2235	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	4	NR	Yes
Choi et al[44], 2006	PCS	1996-2004	C + R	1417	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	NR	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	2	NR	Yes
Ptok et al[90], 2007	RCS	2000-2001	R	2044	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	40	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	15	6	Yes
Law et al[45], 2007	PCS	1996-2004	C + R	1580	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	46	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	4	6	Yes
Jung et al[71], 2008	RCS	1997-2003	R	1391	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	40	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	3	10	No
Lee et al[79], 2008	PCS	1996-2004	R	1278	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	45	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad, Endo	4	NR	Yes
den Dulk et al[87], 2009	RCS	1987-2002	R	2726	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	71	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	10	9	Yes
Eberhardt et al[46], 2009	PCS	1979-2007	C/R	468	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	94	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	33	6	Yes
Marra et al[47], 2009	RCS	1991-2004	C	440	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	63	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	3	6	No
Bertelsen et al[32], 2010	PCS	2001-2004	R	1494	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	45	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	11	7	Yes
Kube et al[48], 2010	PCS	2000-2004	C	28271	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	23	NR	Clin, Rad	3	NR	No
Boccola et al[49], 2011	PCS	1984-2004	C + R	1576	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	67	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	7	NR	Yes
Jörgren et al[72], 2011	PCS	1995-1997	R	250	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	9	8	Yes
Katoh et al[50], 2011	RCS	1990-2000	C/R	207	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	116	II	Clin, Rad	6	NR	Yes
Lin et al[80], 2011	PCS	1993-2003	R	999	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	5	5	Yes
Smith et al[73], 2012	RCS	1991-2010	R	1127	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	74	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	4	5	Yes
Smith et al[103], 2013	RCS	1992-2010	R	184	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	30	IV	Clin, Rad	7	13	Yes
Krarup et al[59], 2014	RCS	2001-2008	C	8589	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	6	10	Yes
Bakker et al[104], 2014	RCS	2009-2011	C	15667	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	NR	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	8	NR	Yes
Jäger et al[81], 2015	RCS	2003-2010	R	108	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	70	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	18	NR	Yes
Ke et al[78], 2015	RCS	2007-2011	R	653	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	47	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	6	4	Yes
Ebinger et al[74], 2015	RCS	1991-2010	R	584	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	62	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	11	17	Yes
Jannasch et al[84], 2015	PCS	2000-2010	R	17867	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	30	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	12	9	Yes
Nachiappan et al[52], 2015	PCS	2004-2013	C + R	1048	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	40	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	9	2	Yes
Kang et al[82], 2015	RCS	2006-2009	R	1083	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	54	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	6	2	Yes
Kulu et al[85], 2015	RCS	2002-2011	R	570	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	56	I, II, III	Clin, Rad, Endo	9	4	Yes
Krarup et al[60], 2015	RCS	2001-2008	C	8597	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	≥ 60	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	6	NR	Yes
Lim et al[93], 2015	RCS	2007-2011	R	2510	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	33	I, II, III, IV	Clin	6	NR	Yes
Kim et al[53], 2015	RCS	2008-2013	C + R	809	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	NR	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	4	4	Yes
Espín et al[77], 2015	RCS	2006-2008	R	1181	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	60	I, II, III	Clin	9	5	Yes
Breugom et al[54], 2016	RCS	2006-2008	C	761	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	60	I, II, III	NR	5	NR	Yes
Park et al[56], 2016	RCS	2000-2011	C/R	10477	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	45	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	3	2	Yes
Sammour et al[65], 2018	PCS	1988-2015	C/R	4892	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	60	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	4	C = 5/R = 2	Yes
Noh et al[88], 2016	RCS	2006-2012	R	1258	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	50	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	8	5	Yes
Nordholm et al[61], 2017	RCS	2009-2013	C/R	774	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	36	IV	Clin, Rad	9	NR	Yes
Goto et al[66], 2017	RCS	2007-2008	C	3364	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	96	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	3	1	Yes
Hain et al[91], 2017	RCS	2005-2014	R	428	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	40	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	28	8	Yes
Hüttner et al[51], 2018	RCS	2001-2014	C	628	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	60	I, II, III	Rad	4	NR	Yes
Voron et al[57], 2019	RCS	1990-2015	C	1025	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	60	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	4	NR	Yes
Boström et al[94], 2018	RCS	2007-2016	R	6948	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	60	I, II, III, IV	NR	10	NR	Yes
Ng et al[62], 2018	RCS	2002-2015	C + R	843	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	150	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	6	NR	Yes
Ramphal et al[58], 2018	RCS	2005-2015	C + R	1984	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	48	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	8	2	Yes
Furnée et al[86], 2019	RCS	2011	R	746	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	42	I, II, III	Rad	14	4	Yes
Allaix et al[83], 2020	RCS	1998-2013	R	532	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	80	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	8	6	Yes
Zimmermann et al[55], 2019	RCS	2001-2014	C + R	1122	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	63	I, II, III, IV	NR	8	1	Yes
Jang et al[76], 2019	RCS	2000-2013	R	698	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	48	I, II, III	Clin, Rad	7	17	Yes
Crippa et al[75], 2020	RCS	2000-2013	R	787	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	64	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	5	2	Yes
Kryzauskas et al[69], 2020	PCS	2014-2018	C/R	900	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	NR	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad, Endo	C = 5/R = 11	NR	Yes
Dulskas et al[95], 2022	RCS	2014-2018	C	488	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	48	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad, Endo	5	NR	Yes
Arron et al[96], 2022	RCS	2008-2018	C/R	88154	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	NR	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad	C = 5/R = 8	NR	Yes
Koedam et al[97], 2022	RCS	1997-2010	C/R	1832	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	60	I, II, III (No T4)	Clin, Rad	C = 3/R = 11	C = 15/R = 13	Yes
Peltrini et al[89], 2022	RCS	2011-2017	R	367	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	60	I, II, III, IV	Clin, Rad, Endo	17	23	Yes

AL: Anastomotic leakage; LR: Local recurrence; DR: Distant recurrence; OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; DFS: Disease-free survival; PCS: Prospective cohort study; RCS: Retrospective cohort study; C: Colon cancer; R: rectal cancer; C + R: Colon and rectal cancer analyzed together; C/R: Colon and rectal cancer analyzed separately; NR: Not reported; Clin: Clinical; Rad: Radiological; Endo: Endoscopic.