Minimally invasive surgery for post cholecystectomy biliary stricture: current evidence and future perspectives

Table 1 Studies on laparoscopic repair of postcholecystectomy biliary stricture

Ref.	Year	Patients	Strasberg injury type	Method of reconstruction	Mean operative time (min)	Blood loss (mL)	Conversion to open	Overall morbidity	Specific biliary complications	Length of stay (d)	Follow up
Cuendis-Velázquezet al[7]	2016	29	C, E1-E4	HJ	240	200	1	31.03	Bile leak–5 patients. One patient required laparotomy and drainage of bile collection	8	36 (range 7-36) mon, Anastomotic patency rate 96.6%
Gomez et al[9]	2020	20	E1-E4	HJ	146.5	15-50	None	10%	One patient had bile leak and was managed conservatively	4.5 (mean)	5 yr–no long-term complications
Sahoo et al[8]	2021	16		HJ	280	176	None	12.5%	Two patients had bile leak and were managed conservatively	8.5	28 mo
Javed et al[10]	2021	29	E1-E5	HJ-13 patients, HD-16 patients	210	50	None	20%	Four patients had bile leak and were managed conservatively	6	9 mo–one patient had anastomotic strictest and managed with repeater dilations

HJ: Hepaticojejunostomy; HD: Hepaticoduodenostomy.

Table 2 Studies on robotic repair of postcholecystectomy biliary stricture

Ref.	Year	Patients	Strasberg injury type	Method of reconstruction	Operative time (min)	Blood loss (mL)	Overall morbidity	Length of stay (d)	Specific complications	Follow up
Giulianotti et al[11]	2018	14	E1-E5	HJ-12 patients, Kasai procedure-2 patients	280.6	135	28.6%	8.4	Bile leak-two patients and 1 patient required pigtail catheter insertion. Subhepatic abscess-one patient	36.1 mo, 2 patients had mild HJ stenosis and cholangitis. Managed by PTBD and multiple transhepatic dilatations
Marino et al[12]	2019	12	E1-E4	HJ	260	252	16.7%	9.4	1 patient developed subhepatic abscess and required pigtail catheter insertion	12 mo–1 patient had anastomotic stenosis and revision robotic HJ was done
Sucandyet al[13]	2021	8		HJ	259	50	14%	8	None	22 mo–1 patient had anastomotic stenosis at 10 mo and required transhepatic dilatation

HJ: Hepaticojejunostomy; PTBD: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

Table 3 Study comparing laparoscopic and robotic repair of postcholecystectomy biliary stricture

Ref.	Year	Patients	Strasberg injury type	Method of reconstruction	Mean operative time (min)	Blood loss (mL)	Conversion to open	Overall morbidity	Specific complications	Length of stay (d)	Follow up (mo)
Cuendis-Velázquez et al[28]	2019	75 (laparoscopic–40, robotic–35)	E1-E5	Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy	Laparoscopic–240, Robotic–270	Laparoscopic–215, Robotic–150	1 patient in laparoscopic group due to dense adhesions	Laparoscopic–27.5, Robotic–22.8	Bile leak, laparoscopic–2 patients, robotic–1 patient, one patient in each group underwent laparotomy, lavage with additional drain placement for bile leak	Laparoscopic–7, Robotic–6	Laparoscopic–49, anastomotic patency rate–92.5%, robotic–16, anastomotic patency rate–100%