Association between acute pancreatitis and COVID-19 infection: What do we know?

Table 1 Summary of case reports on acute pancreatitis and coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Type of study	Age (yr)/gender	Period from COVID-19 onset to AP	AP severity	Treatment method	Prognosis
Anand et al[20]	Case report	59 F	10 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Hadi et al[6]	Case report	47 F	Several days	SAP	Conservative	ICU hospital
		58 F	Several days	SAP	Conservative	ICU hospital
Aloysius et al[10]	Case report	36 F	6 d	SAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Gadiparthi et al[19]	Case report	40 M	AP 3 d before (+) PCR	SAP	ICU, Conservative	Recovery
Miao et al[21]	Case report	26 F	AP 7 d before (+) PCR	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Schepis et al[22]	Case report	67 F	MAP “recently” before (+) PCR	NA	Cyst drainage	Recovery
Meireles et al[23]	Case report	36 F	11 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Pinte et al[24]	Case report	47 M	19 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Karimzadeh et al[12]	Case report	65 F	AP 3 d before (+) PCR	MAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Wang et al[25]	Case report	42 M	AP 8 d before (+) PCR	MAP	ICU, conservative	Death
		35 M	AP 11 d before (+) PCR	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Brikman et al[28]	Case report	61 M	14 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Purayil et al[29]	Case report	58 M	AP 3 d before (+) PCR	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Lakshmanan et al[30]	Case report	68 M	Several days	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Bokhari et al[31]	Case report	32 M	7 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Kumaran et al[32]	Case report	67 F	0 d	SAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Alves et al[33]	Case report	56 F	Several days	SAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Kurihara et al[34]	Case report	55 F	14 d	MAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Simou et al[2]	Case report	67 M	23 d	SAP	ICU, conservative	Death
Acherjya et al[35]	Case report	57 F	9 d	MSAP	Conservative	Recovery
Shinohara et al[36]	Case report	58 M	10 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Meyers et al[37]	Case report	67 M	AP 2 d before PCR (+)	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Zielecki et al[38]	Case report	38 M	AP 14 d before PCR (+)	SAP	Conservative	Recovery
Patnaik et al[39]	Case report	29 M	AP 5 d before PCR (+)	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Rabice et al[40]	Case report	36 FP	5 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Mazrouei et al[41]	Case report	24 M	AP 2 d before PCR (+)	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Kandasamy et al[42]	Case report	46 F	AP 2 d before PCR (+)	MSAP	Conservative	Recovery
Tollard et al[44]	Case report	32 F	2 d	SAP	ICU, conservative	Death
Alwaeli et al[45]	Case report	20 M	AP 2 d before PCR (+)	MAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Narang et al[46]	Case report	20 FP	5 d	MAP	ICU, conservative	Recovery
Jespersen Nizamic et al[49]	Case report	49 F	9 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery
Cheung et al[50]	Case report	38 M	7 d	MAP	Conservative	Recovery

F: Female; M: Male; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; AP: Acute pancreatitis; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; NA: Not applicable; MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderate severe acute pancreatitis; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 2 Summary of cohort studies on acute pancreatitis and coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Type of study	Design of study and conclusions
Wang et al[14]	Cohort study	9/52 pancreatic injury/COVID patients (6 M, 3 F; mean age 55 (25-71), PCR on admission, retrospective study
		A higher incidence of loss of appetite, diarrhea, and more severe illness on admission in patients with pancreatic injury
Dirweesh et al[27]	Cohort study	Comparison of 14 COVID (+) and 61 COVID (-) AP, retrospective multicenter study
		A higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, mortality, MOF in COVID (+), comparable age, sex, infected necrosis, venous thrombosis, endocrine insufficiency
Akarsu et al[43]	Cohort study	Comparison of 40 COVID-AP (+) and 285 COVID AP (-), prospective study
		Higher hospitalization, mortality rate, and CRP in COVID AP+; D-dimer and PCT were comparable in both groups
Miró et al[47]	Cohort study	Comparison of COVID-AP, COVID non-AP and non-COVID AP; Retrospective study (62 Spanish EDs)
		Comparable mortality in COVID-AP and COVID-non-AP, higher mortality in COVID-AP than in non-COVID-AP, and higher AP severity in COVID patients
Inamdar et al[9]	Cohort study	Comparison 32 COVID-AP and 157 non-COVID AP, retrospective study
		Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, sex, pancreatic necrosis, mortality rate comparable in both groups, a higher hospitalization, mechanical ventilation in COVID-AP, “idiopathic pancreatitis” more frequent in COVID-positive patients (69% vs 21%)
Gubatan et al[48]	Cohort study	Analysis of COVID among patients with pancreatitis history, retrospective study
		Comparison of COVID and non-COVID patients with prior pancreatitis, “idiopathic” pancreatitis more frequent in COVID group; higher age, male prevalence, Asian ethnicity in COVID patients
Szatmary et al[51]	Cohort study	Cohort of 5 AP/COVID patients, retrospective study

F: Female; M: Male; COVID: Coronavirus disease; AP: Acute pancreatitis; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; MOF: Multiorgan failure; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; ED: Emergency departments; PI: Pancreatic injury.