Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Dec 27, 2021; 13(12): 1754-1769
Published online Dec 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1754
Published online Dec 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1754
Table 1 Characteristics of the studies and participants
Ref. | Country | Study type | Number of participants | Age (yr) | Gender (male/female) |
Kontovounisios et al[10], 2019 | United Kingdom | Feasibility | 10 | No data | 5/5 |
Hamabe et al[11], 2017 | Japan | Feasibility | 2 | No data | 1/1 |
Sahnan et al[12], 2018 | United Kingdom | Feasibility | 2 | No data | 2/0 |
Przedlacka et al[13], 2020 | United Kingdom | Feasibility | 30 | No data | No data |
Garcia-Granero et al[14], 2020 | Spain/Italy | Feasibility | 2 | No data | 2/0 |
Garcia-Granero et al[15], 2020 | Spain/Italy | Feasibility | 2 | No data | 1/1 |
Sueda et al[16], 2019 | Japan | Case report | 1 | 83 | 0/1 |
Chen et al[17], 2020 | China | Case report | 1 | 68 | 1/0 |
Kim et al[18], 2020 | South Korea | Prospective observational | 10 | Median 60; range (40-80) | 8/2 |
Hojo et al[19], 2020 | Japan | Retrospective Qualitative | 30 | No data | No data |
Horie et al[20], 2018 | Japan | Retrospective | 10 | Median 62; range (43-77) | 8/2 |
Hojo et al[21], 2020 | Japan | Retrospective | 11Rectal cancer: 5 | Median 67; range (56-79) | 6/5 |
Nijkamp et al[22], 2018 | The Netherlands | Feasibility | 33Rectal cancer: 8 | No data | No data |
Hassinger et al[23], 2020 | United States | Pilot study | 10 | No data | No data |
Hojo et al[24], 2019 | Japan | Single-centre randomised controlled | 102 | No data | |
Brannigan et al[25], 2006 | Belgium | Feasibility | 6 | Mean 66.5; range (54-81) | 3/3 |
Table 2 Application of the three-dimensional modelling technology
Ref. | Pathology | Surgical procedure | Application | Main findings |
Kontovounisios et al[10] | Normal pelvis | NA | NA | Feasibility of construction of virtual 3D models of pelvis |
Hamabe et al[11] | Normal pelvisRectal cancer | NA | NA | Feasibility of construction of 3D printed models of pelvis and rectal cancer |
Sahnan et al[12] | Low rectal cancerUlcerative colitis | TaTME | NA | Feasibility of application of 3D models in surgical planning of TaTME |
Przedlacka et al[13] | Rectal cancer T1-T4 | NA | Preoperative planning | Feasibility of construction of virtual 3D models of T stages of rectal cancer |
Garcia-Granero et al[14] | Locally advanced rectal cancer | TME with en block prostatectomyTotal pelvic exenteration | Preoperative planning | Feasibility of application of a mathematical method to generate 3D models and assess prostate invasion in men with rectal cancer |
Garcia-Granero et al[15] | Locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancer | Beyond TME | Preoperative planning | Feasibility of application of a mathematical method to generate 3D models and assess CRM status |
Sueda et al[16] | Upper rectal cancer | Laparoscopic anterior resection | Preoperative planning | Identification of Retzius venous short circuit prior to laparoscopic anterior resection |
Chen et al[17] | Rectal cancer (T3N2Mx) | Laparoscopic-assisted radical resection of rectum | Preoperative planning | Preoperative recognition of situs inversus |
Kim et al[18] | Rectal cancer with metastatic LPNs | TME with LPLND | Preoperative planning and navigation | Index LPNs among ICG-bearing lymph nodes can be identified intraoperatively by matching 3D models |
Hojo et al[19] | Rectal cancer with metastatic LPNs | LPLND | Preoperative planning and navigation | 3D -printed models are useful for surgical planning of LPLND, especially in cases with LPN metastases |
Horie et al[20] | Advanced low rectal cancer | TME, tumour-specific mesorectal resection or total proctocolectomy with LPLND | Preoperative planning | 3D reconstruction revealed vascular anatomy variations in 40% |
Hojo et al[21] | Infra-renal recurrence of colorectal cancer | Curative resection beyond TME | Preoperative planning and navigation | Usefulness of 3D models in surgical planning and navigation for resection of infra-renal recurrence of colorectal cancer, including rectal cancer |
Nijkamp et al[22] | Locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancer | Resection of tumour | Intraoperative navigation | Feasibility of integration of 3D model into the novel EM- based navigation system |
Hassinger et al[23] | Normal pelvic anatomy | NA | Surgical education | VAPS teaches clinically relevant anatomy and is preferred to traditional methods. More detailed model is required |
Hojo et al[24] | Lower rectal cancer | Relevant to LPLND | Surgical education | 3D virtual and printed models are useful for teaching LPLND |
Brannigan et al[25] | Middle and lower rectal cancer | Laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer | Surgical device design | The optimal angulation of a stapling device for transverse rectal transection is between 62º and 68º |
Table 3 Details of the three-dimensional model creation process
Study | 3D model | Radiological modality | Segmentation | Segmentation performed by | Segmentation time | 3D Printing time | 3D printing material |
Kontovounisios et al[10] | Virtual | MRI | Manual | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Hamabe et al[11] | Printed | CT | Manual | Colorectal Surgeon and Technician | 40 h | M – 37 h 30 min; F – 34 h 20 min | Ultraviolet-curated resin |
Sahnan et al[12] | Virtual | MRI | Manual | Consultant gastrointestinal radiologist | Segmentation: 15 minSmoothing: 10 min | NA | NA |
Przedlacka et al[13] | Virtual | MRI | Manual | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Garcia-Granero et al[14] | Virtual | MRI | 3D-IPR | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Garcia-Granero et al[15] | Virtual | MRI | 3D-IPR | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Sueda et al[16] | Virtual | CT | No data | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Chen et al[17] | Virtual | CT/MRI | No data | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Kim et al[18] | Virtual | CT | No data | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Hojo et al[19] | Virtual/printed | CT | Manual | Colorectal surgeon | No data | 40 h (decreased with experience) | No data |
Horie et al[20] | Virtual | CT | No data | No data | No data | NA | NA |
Hojo et al[21] | Virtual | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | NA |
Nijkamp et al[22] | Virtual | CT | Automatic (bones); Semi-automatic (arteries); Manual (other structures) | No data | 1-3 h | NA | |
Hassinger et al[23] | Virtual | CT/MRI | No data | No data | No data | NA | |
Hojo et al[24] | Virtual/Printed | CT | No data | Colorectal Surgeon and Radiologist | No data | 22 h | |
Brannigan et al[25] | Virtual | CT | Semi-automatic | No data | No data | NA | NA |
- Citation: Przedlacka A, Pellino G, Fletcher J, Bello F, Tekkis PP, Kontovounisios C. Current and future role of three-dimensional modelling technology in rectal cancer surgery: A systematic review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13(12): 1754-1769
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v13/i12/1754.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1754