Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Dec 27, 2021; 13(12): 1638-1650
Published online Dec 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1638
Table 1 Camera angles of vision 0º (δ = 0º and δ = 60º) (x = trocar-hiatus cm, D = hernia- hiatus diameter)

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1035.7138.5341.3144.0446.7049.2951.8054.2356.57
1135.1937.7740.3042.8045.2647.6549.9852.2554.44
1234.7637.1339.4641.7744.0446.2648.4350.5652.62
1334.4036.5838.7540.8942.9945.0747.1049.0951.04
1434.0936.1238.1340.1242.0944.0445.9547.8249.65
1533.8135.7137.5939.4641.3143.1344.9346.7048.43
1633.5835.3637.1338.8840.6242.3444.0445.7147.35
1733.3735.0436.7138.3740.0141.6343.2444.8346.39
1833.1834.7636.3437.9139.4641.0042.5344.0445.52
1933.0134.5136.0137.5038.9740.4441.8943.3244.74
2032.8634.2935.7137.1338.5339.9341.3142.6844.04
2132.7334.0935.4436.7938.1339.4640.7842.0943.39
2232.6033.9035.1936.4837.7739.0440.3041.5642.80
2332.4933.7334.9736.2037.4338.6539.8741.0742.26
2432.3933.5834.7635.9537.1338.3039.4640.6241.77
2532.2933.4334.5735.7136.8437.9739.0940.2041.31
Table 2 Angles of vision with camera angle bevelled 30º (x = trocar-hiatus cm, D = hernia- hiatus diameter)

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1065.7168.5371.3174.0476.7079.2981.8084.2386.57
1165.1967.7770.3072.8075.2677.6579.9882.2584.44
1264.7667.1369.4671.7774.0476.2678.4380.5682.62
1364.4066.5868.7570.8972.9975.0777.1079.0981.04
1464.0966.1268.1370.1272.0974.0475.9577.8279.65
1563.8165.7167.5969.4671.3173.1374.9376.7078.43
1663.5865.3667.1368.8870.6272.3474.0475.7177.35
1763.3765.0466.7168.3770.0171.6373.2474.8376.39
1863.1864.7666.3467.9169.4671.0072.5374.0475.52
1963.0164.5166.0167.5068.9770.4471.8973.3274.74
2062.8664.2965.7167.1368.5369.9371.3172.6874.04
2162.7364.0965.4466.7968.1369.4670.7872.0973.39
2262.6063.9065.1966.4867.7769.0470.3071.5672.80
2362.4963.7364.9766.2067.4368.6569.8771.0772.26
2462.3963.5864.7665.9567.1368.3069.4670.6271.77
2562.2963.4364.5765.7166.8467.9769.0970.2071.31
Table 3 Working angles with laparoscopic instruments

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
105.718.5311.3114.0416.7019.2921.8024.2326.57
115.197.7710.3012.8015.2617.6519.9822.2524.44
124.767.139.4611.7714.0416.2618.4320.5622.62
134.406.588.7510.8912.9915.0717.1019.0921.04
144.096.128.1310.1212.0914.0415.9517.8219.65
153.815.717.599.4611.3113.1314.9316.7018.43
163.585.367.138.8810.6212.3414.0415.7117.35
173.375.046.718.3710.0111.6313.2414.8316.39
183.184.766.347.919.4611.0012.5314.0415.52
193.014.516.017.508.9710.4411.8913.3214.74
202.864.295.717.138.539.9311.3112.6814.04
212.734.095.446.798.139.4610.7812.0913.39
222.603.905.196.487.779.0410.3011.5612.80
232.493.734.976.207.438.659.8711.0712.26
242.393.584.765.957.138.309.4610.6211.77
252.293.434.575.716.847.979.0910.2011.31
Table 4 Operative angles with standard trocars located 6 cm right or left from the midline

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1034.9936.8738.6640.3641.9943.5345.0046.4047.73
1132.4734.2936.0337.6939.2940.8242.2743.6745.00
1230.2632.0133.6935.3136.8738.3739.8141.1942.51
1328.3029.9831.6133.1834.7036.1637.5738.9340.24
1426.5728.1829.7431.2632.7434.1635.5436.8738.16
1525.0226.5728.0729.5430.9632.3533.6934.9936.25
1623.6325.1126.5727.9829.3630.7032.0133.2734.51
1722.3823.8125.2026.5727.9029.2030.4731.7032.91
1821.2522.6223.9625.2826.5727.8229.0530.2631.43
1920.2221.5422.8324.1025.3526.5727.7628.9330.07
2019.2920.5621.8023.0324.2325.4126.5727.7028.81
2118.4319.6520.8522.0423.2024.3425.4626.5727.65
2217.6518.8219.9821.1222.2523.3624.4425.5126.57
2316.9318.0619.1820.2821.3722.4423.5024.5425.56
2416.2617.3518.4319.5020.5621.6022.6223.6324.62
2515.6416.7017.7418.7819.8020.8121.8022.7823.75
Table 5 Angles of vision with the camera at 0º located 6 cm right or left from the midline

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1064.9966.8768.6670.3671.9973.5375.0076.4077.73
1162.4764.2966.0367.6969.2970.8272.2773.6775.00
1260.2662.0163.6965.3166.8768.3769.8171.1972.51
1358.3059.9861.6163.1864.7066.1667.5768.9370.24
1456.5758.1859.7461.2662.7464.1665.5466.8768.16
1555.0256.5758.0759.5460.9662.3563.6964.9966.25
1653.6355.1156.5757.9859.3660.7062.0163.2764.51
1752.3853.8155.2056.5757.9059.2060.4761.7062.91
1851.2552.6253.9655.2856.5757.8259.0560.2661.43
1950.2251.5452.8354.1055.3556.5757.7658.9360.07
2049.2950.5651.8053.0354.2355.4156.5757.7058.81
2148.4349.6550.8552.0453.2054.3455.4656.5757.65
2247.6548.8249.9851.1252.2553.3654.4455.5156.57
2346.9348.0649.1850.2851.3752.4453.5054.5455.56
2446.2647.3548.4349.5050.5651.6052.6253.6354.62
2545.6446.7047.7448.7849.8050.8151.8052.7853.75
Table 6 Angles of vision with the camera at 30º located 6 cm right or left from the midline

D (cm)
X (cm)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1094.9996.8798.66100.36101.99103.53105.00106.40107.73
1192.4794.2996.0397.6999.29100.82102.27103.67105.00
1290.2692.0193.6995.3196.8798.3799.81101.19102.51
1388.3089.9891.6193.1894.7096.1697.5798.93100.24
1486.5788.1889.7491.2692.7494.1695.5496.8798.16
1585.0286.5788.0789.5490.9692.3593.6994.9996.25
1683.6385.1186.5787.9889.3690.7092.0193.2794.51
1782.3883.8185.2086.5787.9089.2090.4791.7092.91
1881.2582.6283.9685.2886.5787.8289.0590.2691.43
1980.2281.5482.8384.1085.3586.5787.7688.9390.07
2079.2980.5681.8083.0384.2385.4186.5787.7088.81
2178.4379.6580.8582.0483.2084.3485.4686.5787.65
2277.6578.8279.9881.1282.2583.3684.4485.5186.57
2376.9378.0679.1880.2881.3782.4483.5084.5485.56
2476.2677.3578.4379.5080.5681.6082.6283.6384.62
2575.6476.7077.7478.7879.8080.8181.8082.7883.75