Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Sep 27, 2020; 12(9): 377-389
Published online Sep 27, 2020. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v12.i9.377
Table 1 Univariate and multivariable analysis of overall survival in cohort of patients with advanced esophageal cancer
VariablenUnivariate
Multivariable
HR (95%CI)P valueHR (95%CI)P value
Treatment received
No chemotherapy/received palliative therapy4070.94 (0.84-1.05)0.2880.94 (0.83-1.06)0.290
No chemotherapy/no palliative therapy10861 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Age (yr)14931.00 (1.00-1.00)0.7732
Gender
Female3400.82 (0.73-0.93)0.0020.81 (0.71-0.92)0.002
Male11531 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Race1
Black1420.87 (0.73-1.04)0.1360.87 (0.72-1.05)0.136
Other820.76 (0.60-0.97)0.0260.72 (0.56-0.93)0.011
White12701 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Insurance type1
Medicaid1341.00 (0.81-1.24)0.9772
Medicare9441.04 (0.91-1.18)0.605
Not insured890.99 (0.77-1.28)0.963
Other government211.01 (0.63-1.64)0.956
Private3051 (Reference)
Income quartiles for place of residence1
$30000-$349992911.03 (0.86-1.24)0.7231.04 (0.86-1.25)0.710
$35000-$459994521.19 (1.01-1.41)0.0341.21 (1.01-1.44)0.035
$46000+5141.04 (0.89-1.23)0.5931.06 (0.89-1.26)0.518
Less than $300002361 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Education level1,3
14%-19.9%3721.03 (0.90-1.18)0.6792
20%-28.9%3691.01 (0.88-1.16)0.871
29% or more2630.96 (0.82-1.12)0.580
Less than 14%4891 (Reference)
Treatment site1
Academic5540.90 (0.80-1.00)0.0472
Non-Academic9391 (Reference)
Geographic location in United States1
Midwest4871.10 (0.93-1.29)0.2591.10 (0.94-1.30)0.232
Northeast3411.12 (0.94-1.32)0.2031.17 (0.98-1.39)0.076
South4311.20 (1.02-1.42)0.0261.23 (1.04-1.46)0.017
West2341 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Residence area type1
Metro11831.06 (0.92-1.21)0.4312
Rural311.07 (0.73-1.57)0.719
Urban2791 (Reference)
Number of comorbidities4
13511.17 (1.03-1.32)0.0141.17 (1.03-1.32)0.018
≥ 21521.20 (1.00-1.42)0.0441.12 (0.94-1.35)0.200
09901 (Reference)1 (Reference)
Year of diagnosis
2010-20148891.06 (0.96-1.18)0.2492
2004-20096041 (Reference)
Grade1,5
1500.64 (0.37-1.09)0.1010.58 (0.33-1.01)0.054
25130.60 (0.38-0.93)0.0230.58 (0.37-0.92)0.020
39010.73 (0.47-1.13)0.1530.71 (0.45-1.11)0.133
4291 (Reference)1 (Reference)
AJCC T stage1
T0170.69 (0.35-1.35)0.2800.64 (0.33-1.25)0.192
T13350.89 (0.74-1.07)0.1990.89 (0.73-1.08)0.223
T21620.73 (0.59-0.91)0.0050.72 (0.58-0.90)0.003
T34990.77 (0.66-0.89)< 0.0010.76 (0.66-0.89)< 0.001
T44801 (Reference)1 (Reference)
AJCC N stage1
Positive10830.92 (0.81-1.04)0.1872
Negative4101 (Reference)
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients with advanced esophageal cancer who refused chemotherapy with and without receiving palliative treatment, n (%)
VariableAll patients (n = 1493)No chemotherapy/received palliative therapy (n = 407)No chemotherapy/no palliative therapy (n = 1086)P value
Age (yr)0.775
Median (IQR)70 (62-79)71 (62-79)70 (62-79)
Gender0.748
Female340 (22.77)95 (23.34)245 (22.56)
Male1153 (77.23)312 (76.66)841 (77.44)
Race10.727
Black142 (9.50)38 (9.36)104 (9.58)
Other82 (5.46)19 (4.71)62 (5.71)
White1270 (85.04)350 (85.93)920 (84.71)
Insurance type10.398
Medicaid134 (8.98)33 (8.11)101 (9.30)
Medicare944 (63.30)255 (62.65)689 (63.45)
Not insured89 (5.96)19 (4.67)70 (6.44)
Other government21 (1.41)7 (1.72)14 (1.29)
Private305 (20.43)93 (22.85)212 (19.52)
Income quartiles for place of residence10.282
Less than $30000236 (15.79)70 (17.20)166 (15.29)
$30000-$34999291 (19.51)87 (21.38)204 (18.78)
$35000-$45999452 (30.29)125 (30.71)327 (30.11)
$46000+514 (34.41)125 (30.71)389 (35.82)
Education level1,20.971
Less than 14%489 (32.73)134 (32.92)355 (32.69)
14%-19.9%372 (24.94)101 (24.82)271 (24.95)
20%-28.9%369 (24.73)97 (23.83)272 (25.05)
29% or more263 (17.60)75 (18.43)188 (17.31)
Treatment site10.118
Academic554 (37.11)164 (40.29)390 (35.91)
Non-Academic939 (62.89)243 (59.71)696 (64.09)
Geographic location in United States10.003
Midwest487 (32.62)128 (31.45)359 (33.05)
Northeast341 (22.84)116 (28.50)225 (20.72)
South431 (28.87)96 (23.59)335 (30.85)
West234 (15.67)67 (16.46)167 (15.38)
Residence area type10.637
Metro1183 (79.25)316 (77.61)867 (79.83)
Rural31 (2.07)9 (2.28)22 (2.02)
Urban279 (18.68)82 (20.11)197 (18.15)
Number of comorbidities30.759
0990 (66.31)266 (65.36)724 (66.67)
1351 (23.51)101 (24.82)250 (23.02)
≥ 2152 (10.18)40 (9.83)112 (10.31)
Year of diagnosis0.753
2004-2009604 (40.46)162 (39.8)442 (40.7)
2010-2014889 (59.54)245 (60.2)644 (59.3)
Grade1,40.395
150 (3.35)16 (3.93)34 (3.13)
2513 (34.36)127 (31.20)386 (35.54)
3901 (60.35)254 (62.41)647 (59.58)
429 (1.94)10 (2.46)19 (1.75)
AJCC T stage10.091
T017 (1.14)3 (0.74)14 (1.29)
T1335 (22.44)80 (19.65)255 (23.48)
T2162 (10.85)37 (9.09)125 (11.51)
T3499 (33.42)160 (39.31)339 (31.21)
T4480 (32.20)127 (31.20)353 (32.50)
AJCC N stage10.006
Positive1083 (72.54)319 (78.38)764 (70.35)
Negative410 (27.46)88 (21.62)322 (29.65)