Comparison of treatment modalities in pancreatic pseudocyst: A population based study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, n (%)

	Percutaneous	Laparoscopic	Open Surgical	P value
	n = 347	n = 248	n = 107
Age				0.64
18-35	56 (16.1)	33 (13.3)	13 (12.1)
36-60	175 (50.4)	137 (55.2)	55 (51.4)
60 +	116 (33.4)	78 (31.5)	39 (36.4)
Sex				0.15
Male	220 (63.4)	158 (63.7)	66 (61.7)
Female	126 (36.3)	90 (36.3)	41 (38.3)
Race				0.53
White	224 (64.6)	169 (68.1)	70 (65.4)
Black	50 (14.4)	28 (11.3)	15 (14.0)
Hispanic	39 (11.2)	20 (8.1)	14 (13.1)
Asian-Pacific Islander	9 (2.6)	3 (1.2)	2 (1.9)
Other	14 (4.0)	13 (5.2)	2 (1.9)
Admission type				< 0.001
Emergency	318 (53.4)	212 (35.6)	65 (10.9)
Non-emergency	26 (25.0)	36 (34.6)	42 (40.4)
Hospital type				< 0.001
Urban teaching	280 (47.6)	227 (38.6)	81 (13.8)
Urban non-teaching	58 (60.4)	19 (19.8)	19 (19.8)
Rural	9 (50)	2 (11.1)	7 (38.9)
Primary payer				0.42
Medicare	111 (32.0)	62 (25.0)	35 (32.7)
Medicaid	71 (20.5)	57 (23.0)	24 (22.4)
Private	121 (34.9)	103 (41.5)	36 (33.6)
Other	44 (12.7)	26 (10.5)	12 (11.2)
Pancreatitis type				0.06
Acute	164 (47.3)	89 (35.9)	35 (32.7)
Acute on chronic	84 (24.2)	71 (28.6)	25 (23.4)
Chronic	38 (11.0)	36 (14.5)	17 (15.9)
Charlson Comorbidity index				0.77
0	126 (36.3)	103 (41.5)	45 (42.1)
1-2	189 (54.5)	123 (49.6)	56 (52.3)
3-4	30 (8.6)	21 (8.5)	6 (5.6)
≥ 5	2 (0.6)	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)

Table 2 Specific comorbidities of the study cohort, n (%)

	Percutaneous	Laparoscopic	Surgical	P value
	n = 347	n = 248	n = 107
Acute myocardial infarction	15 (4.3)	8 (3.2)	5 (4.7)	0.74
Congestive heart failure	31 (8.9)	19 (7.7)	4 (3.7)	0.21
Peripheral vascular disease	15 (4.3)	7 (2.8)	3 (2.8)	0.56
Cerebrovascular disease	6 (1.7)	3 (1.2)	1 (0.9)	0.78
Dementia	2 (0.6)	3 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	0.42
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	58 (16.7)	43 (17.3)	16 (15.0)	0.86
Rheumatoid disease	11 (3.2)	3 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	0.07
Peptic ulcer disease	10 (2.9)	13 (5.2)	3 (2.8)	0.28
Mild liver disease	52 (15.0)	36 (14.5)	9 (8.4)	0.21
Diabetes without complications	105 (30.3)	61 (24.6)	32 (29.9)	0.29
Diabetes with complications	12 (3.5)	11 (4.4)	5 (4.7)	0.77
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	3 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.21
Renal disease	33 (9.5)	24 (9.7)	4 (3.7)	0.14
Cancer (any malignancy)	15 (4.3)	6 (2.4)	4 (3.7)	0.46
Moderate or severe liver disease	10 (2.9)	17 (6.9)	7 (6.5)	0.06
Metastatic solid tumour	6 (1.7)	2 (0.8)	0 (0.0)	0.28
AIDS/HIV	2 (0.6)	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	0.72

Table 3 Procedure related complications, n (%)

Complications	Percutaneous	Laparoscopic	Open surgical	P value
	n = 347	n = 248	n = 107
Transfusion of RBC	39 (11.2)	7 (2.8)	20 (18.7)	< 0.001a
Transfusion of FFP	4 (1.2)	4 (1.6)	4 (3.7)	0.19
Transfusion of Platelet	2 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.36
Mechanical ventilation	37 (10.7)	18 (7.3)	12 (11.2)	0.31
Pulmonary embolism	11 (3.2)	5 (2.0)	2 (1.9)	0.60
Acute deep vein thrombosis	3 (0.9)	3 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	0.52
Acute renal failure	84 (24.2)	49 (19.8)	12 (11.2)	0.01a
Urinary tract infection	34 (9.8)	12 (4.8)	2 (1.9)	0.01a
Pneumonia	21 (6.1)	8 (3.2)	6 (5.6)	0.28
Sepsis	109 (31.4)	34 (13.7)	23 (21.5)	< 0.001a
Acute hepatic failure	5 (1.4)	6 (2.4)	1 (0.9)	0.53
Acute respiratory failure	60 (17.3)	24 (9.7)	9 (8.4)	0.01a
Exacerbation of heart failure	19 (5.5)	13 (5.2)	2 (1.9)	0.30
Cardiac arrest	5 (1.4)	3 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	0.47
Intraabdominal abscess	34 (9.8)	14 (5.6)	8 (7.5)	0.18

^aP < 0.05. RBC: Red blood cell; FFP: Fresh frozen plasma.

Table 4 Inpatient outcome of the study cohort, n (%)

	Percutaneous	Laparoscopic	Surgical	P value
	n = 347	n = 248	n = 107
Length of stay, median	9	7	11	0.009a
Total charge, mean	184240	121008	165378	0.03a
Disposition, home	166 (49.4)	173 (70.6)	68 (64.8)	< 0.001a
Inpatient mortality	11 (3.2)	3 (1.2)	2 (1.9)	0.28

^aP < 0.05.

Table 5 Multivariable regression of length of stay and total charge

	Standardized coefficient for length of stay	P value	Standardized coefficient for total charge	P value
Type of pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Chronic pancreatitis	-0.197	< 0.001	-0.172	< 0.001
Acute on chronic pancreatitis	-0.130	< 0.001	-0.148	0.001
Hospital type
Urban teaching	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urban non-teaching	-0.054	0.19	0.009	0.82
Rural	-0.044	0.291	-0.046	0.277
Drainage type
Laparoscopic	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Non-laparoscopic	0.135	0.001	0.102	0.017