Large gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum: A rare entity

Abstract

Gangliocytic paragangliomas are rare tumors that almost exclusively occur within the second portion of the duodenum. Although these tumors generally have a benign clinical course, they have the potential to recur or metastasize to regional lymph nodes. The case report presented here describes a 57-year-old female patient with melena, progressive asthenia, anemia, and a mass in the second-third portion of the duodenum that was treated by local excision. The patient was diagnosed with a friable bleeding tumor. The histologic analysis showed that the tumor was a 4 cm gangliocytic paraganglioma without a malignant cell pattern. In the absence of local invasion or distant metastasis, endoscopic resection represents a feasible, curative therapy. Although endoscopic polypectomy is currently considered the treatment of choice, it is not recommended if the size of the tumor is > 3 cm and/or there is active or recent bleeding. Patients diagnosed with a gangliocytic paraganglioma should be closely followed-up for possible local recurrence.

Key Words: Duodenum; Gangliocytic paraganglioma; Ganglion cells

Core tip: We present the case of a patient with a rare duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma that was treated by tumorectomy. Although there is currently no consensus for treatment, this report demonstrates that local conservative tumorectomy is a feasible, curative therapy. Patients diagnosed with a gangliocytic paraganglioma should be closely followed-up for possible local recurrence.

INTRODUCTION

Gangliocytic paragangliomas (GPs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that predominantly arise within the second part of the duodenum. GPs seldom recur or metastasize to regional lymph nodes[1], and are considered epithelial tumors according to the classification of tumors of the digestive tract by the World Health Organization[2]. Diagnosis of GP can be achieved based on histopathology showing epithelioid, spindle and ganglion cells, which are similarly observed for paragangliomas[3]. This report describes the case of a 57-year-old woman with melena, progressive asthenia, anemia, and a mass in the second–third portion of the duodenum that was finally diagnosed as a GP.

CASE REPORT

A 57-year-old female presented with upper abdominal pain associated with melena, asthenia, and anemia. She had a history of gluten intolerance but no fever or weight loss. A physical examination revealed pale conjunctiva and no cervical lymphadenopathy. An abdominal examination revealed tenderness in the upper abdomen with no rebound tenderness, hepatosplenomegaly, or palpable masses. Laboratory analyses showed anemia as the only pathologic finding (hemoglobin level of 9 g/dL), with normal renal and liver function. Ultrasound examination was also normal. A polypoid tumor on the third portion of the duodenum was revealed upon endoscopic examination (Figure 1). The tumor was not amenable to endoscopic resection, however, multiple biopsies were performed showing a cellular pattern of intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8⁺) with Marsh grade I. The presence of the polypoid formation in the proximal duodenum was confirmed by a capsule endoscopy.

Figure 1 Endoscopic image of the tumor.

Resection of the neoplasm using a laparoscopic transduodenal approach and a concomitant intraoperative duodenoscopy were planned. However, technical difficulties prevented clear identification of the lesion, and the procedure was converted to an open surgery. The tumor was then completely resected through a longitudinal duodenotomy.

Histopathologic examination of the tumor indicated a 4 cm GP without a malignant cell pattern. The surgical margin was free of neoplastic infiltration and there were no histologic findings indicative of aggressive behavior, such as mitosis and/or pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the tumor was positive for synaptophysin and enolase. Additionally, epithelioid cells were immunopositive for chromogranin and cytokeratin, and fusocellular cells were S-100-positive[4] (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Histologic characteristics of the gangliocytic paraganglioma. A: Submucosal location of the tumor (× 40); B: Immunohistochemistry showing S-100 positivity of the spindle cell component (× 40); C: Immunohistochemistry showing positive staining for neuron-specific enolase in three cellular components (× 40); D: Epithelioid cells showing cytokeratin expression. Black arrow indicates ganglion-like cells (× 40); E, F: Nuclear staining with Ki-67 showing a proliferative index of < 2% (but ranged from 5% to up to 20% in other fields). Black arrows indicate epithelioid (paraganglioma-like) cells (E: × 40; F: × 100).

The patient had an uneventful postoperative period and was discharged after 4 d. At the 3 mo follow-up, the patient was free of symptoms and the endoscopy was normal.

DISCUSSION

GPs are rare tumors that tend to occur in the 5^th decade, and more often affect men (1.8:1)[5]. These tumors typically present with gastrointestinal bleeding, whereas obstructive jaundice is very uncommon. Endoscopic ultrasonography is useful for preoperative differential diagnosis from gastrointestinal stromal tumors, carcinoids, and periampullary adenomas. GPs generally follow a benign course, rarely showing invasive growth patterns or lymph node metastasis.

GPs can be curatively treated by endoscopic resection in the absence of local invasion or distant metastasis. Sathyamurthy et al[6] described a case successfully treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with biliary sphincterotomy to relieve jaundice. In their patient, a periampullary nodule was detected that partially obstructed the orifice of the major papilla, which was treated with en bloc endoscopic mucosal resection with an electrocautery snare. Several recent reports indicate that endoscopic polypectomy is the treatment of choice, except in cases where the tumor is > 3 cm and/or there is active or recent bleeding[7-9]. A polypectomy was not performed in the current case due to recent bleeding and the diameter of the neoplasm (4-5 cm).

Evans et al[10] reported a case of duodenal GP mimicking an ampullary tumor. In their case, marked secondary obstructive chronic pancreatitis was intraoperatively observed in the remaining pancreas necessitating a pylorus-preserving total pancreatectomy. Two years after surgery, the patient remained alive and well on medical treatment with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Although the recurrence index is quite low after local resection[11], Witkiewicz et al[12] concluded that the possibility of recurrence, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis indicates that more extensive surgical therapy may be warranted. Indeed, surgical treatment is indicated for all GPs that are unresectable by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and for all malignant forms. However, laparoscopic resection may be adequate for benign forms, due to the advantages of the minimally invasive approach, as demonstrated by Parini et al[13].

Patients who have undergone successful excision of a large polyp should receive a follow-up endoscopy after 3-6 mo, depending on the histologic findings, to verify that the resection was complete. This process should then be repeated if a residual polyp is detected. If complete resection is not possible after two or three examinations, the patient should then be referred for another surgical therapy.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

A 57-year-old woman presented with upper abdominal pain associated with melena, asthenia, and anemia.

Clinical diagnosis

A polypoid tumor was observed in the duodenum.

Differential diagnosis

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; carcinoid; periampullary adenoma.

Laboratory diagnosis

Hemoglobin at 9 g/dL, with normal liver and renal function.

Imaging diagnosis

Computed tomography scans were normal.

Pathological diagnosis

Gangliocytic paraganglioma was diagnosed by microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study.

Treatment

Simple excision of the tumor was performed.

Related reports

Gangliocytic paragangliomas are rare tumors, with very few reports published in the literature.

Term explanation

Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor predominantly arising in the second part of the duodenum, with rare local recurrence or metastasis to regional lymph nodes.

Experiences and lessons

Complete surgical resection remains the only curative treatment, and long-term careful follow-up is necessary for these patients.

Peer-review

This manuscript is well designed with visual materials and will contribute to the literature. It is a nice case report with good description of symptoms and treatment of this tumor entity.