Mucinous neoplasm of the appendix: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs), although not classified as rare, are relatively uncommon tumors most often discovered incidentally during colorectal surgery. Accurate identification of AMNs is difficult due to non-specific symptoms, overlapping tumor markers with other conditions, and the potential for misdiagnosis. This underscores the urgent need for precision in diagnosis to prevent severe complications.

CASE SUMMARY

This case report describes the unexpected discovery and treatment of a low-grade AMN (LAMN) in a 74-year-old man undergoing laparoscopic hemicolectomy for transverse colon adenocarcinoma (AC). Preoperatively, non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms and elevated tumor markers masked the presence of AMN. The tumor, presumed to be an AMN peritoneal cyst intraoperatively, was confirmed as LAMN through histopathological examination. The neoplasm exhibited mucin accumulation and a distinct immunohistochemical profile: Positive for Homeobox protein CDX-2, Cytokeratin 20, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2, and Mucin 2 but negative for cytokeratin 7 and Paired box gene 8. This profile aids in distinguishing appendiceal and ovarian mucinous tumors. Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated, and the patient initiated adjuvant chemotherapy for the colon AC.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of AMNs, emphasizing the need for vigilant identification to avert potential complications, such as pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Key Words: Adenocarcinoma; Appendiceal neoplasms; Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm; Peritoneal neoplasms; Pseudomyxoma peritonei; Case report

Core Tip: Here we present a case of an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN) incidentally identified during a laparoscopic hemicolectomy performed to treat adenocarcinoma in the transverse colon of a 74-year-old male. This presentation underscores the diagnostic complexity posed by AMNs, which often manifest nonspecifically and may be mistaken for other malignancies. This case highlights the critical role of immunohistochemical analysis in establishing a definitive diagnosis and informing surgical strategy, with a particular focus on averting misdiagnosis and potential complications, such as pseudomyxoma peritonei.

INTRODUCTION

Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN) is an uncommon malignancy originating from the epithelium of the appendix, often incidentally discovered during surgical procedures. Symptoms may be absent or nonspecific, making preoperative identification difficult. In females, elevated tumor markers [carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), CA 125, or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)] can lead to misdiagnosis, particularly as ovarian cancer[1-3]. As such, AMN should be considered in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic right adnexal cystic masses, particularly in postmenopausal women with increased tumor marker levels. Surgical removal, prioritizing the prevention of appendiceal rupture to avoid mucin spread and potential pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), is the preferred treatment.

Herein, we report the case of a 74-year-old male in whom a low-grade AMN (LAMN), initially misdiagnosed as a peritoneal cyst, was incidentally discovered during laparoscopic extended right hemicolectomy for transverse colon adenocarcinoma (AC). The patient's preoperative CEA level was elevated at 7.81 ng/mL, and imaging revealed a large cyst in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. These findings contributed to the initial misdiagnosis of peritoneal cyst, as the possibility of synchronous malignancies was not adequately considered. This case highlights the importance of considering concurrent lesions of different cancers in the differential diagnosis of patients with elevated CEA levels and abdominal cysts, even in the presence of a known malignancy.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 74-year-old Chinese man presented the gastrointestinal outpatient clinic with gastrointestinal discomfort and occult blood in the stool.

History of present illness

The patient’s condition was characterized by an unexplained weight loss and hematochezia for 6 months. Colonoscopy revealed obstructive AC in the transverse colon, causing further investigative challenges (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1 Timeline of the initial diagnosis, surgical intervention, subsequent follow-up period, and adjuvant therapy.

Figure 2 Diagnostic imaging and interventions with the colonoscope. A: Colonoscopic examination revealed a 3-cm ulcerative lesion within the transverse colon, characterized by irregular luminal stenosis (white arrow); B: An attempt was made to obtain a biopsy through the colonoscope for pathological examination (white arrow).

History of past illness

The patient underwent extended right hemicolectomy during surgery. A 6 cm transverse colon tumor with regional lymph nodes was excised, along with a 9 cm encapsulated appendiceal mass. Histopathological analysis revealed a 4 cm × 4 cm ulcerative colon tumor infiltrating the muscularis layer and a diffusely enlarged 6 cm × 9 cm appendix with a significantly thinned mucin-filled wall with no solid components (Figure 3A-E). Postoperatively, the patient was extubated and transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), where he showed an unremarkable postoperative course. Flatus occurred on the second postoperative day, and oral intake was initiated on the third day. After stable progress in the ICU, the patient was moved to the surgical ward on postoperative day 5 and discharged on postoperative day 7, with satisfactory nutritional recovery.

Figure 3 Multistage intraoperative and specimen images of colonic adenocarcinoma and appendiceal mucinous neoplasm. A: Intraoperative photograph depicting the surgical field (white arrow); B: Comprehensive visualization of the adenocarcinoma and appendiceal mucinous neoplasm following an extended right hemicolectomy (white arrows); C: Image of the 6-cm neoplastic lesion located in the transverse colon (white arrow); D: Image of the 9-cm appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, featuring an intact capsular structure; E: Depiction of a large mucinous cavity within the appendix, which simulates a pseudo-diverticulum formation; F: The specimen submitted consists of one tissue fragment, measuring 10.6 cm × 4.0 cm × 3.3 cm in size, fixed in formalin. Grossly, it is opened and filled with mucoid materials.

Personal and family history

The patient denied any family history of malignant tumors.

Physical examination

During physical assessment, the patient's vital signs were recorded as follows: Body temperature of 36.0 ℃, blood pressure of 100/62 mmHg, heart rate of 55 beats per minute, and respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute. A subsequent routine health examination revealed an ulcerative mass exhibiting irregular mucosal folds and lumen constriction within the transverse colon, which was histopathologically confirmed as AC.

Laboratory examinations

Preoperative laboratory evaluations revealed a normal complete blood count, including a white blood cell count of 7830/μL, red blood cell count of 4250/μL, mean corpuscular volume of 87.8 fL, mean corpuscular hemoglobin of 27.5 pg, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 31.4 g/dL. The coagulation panel revealed an international normalized ratio of 1.0 and an activated partial thromboplastin time of 34.4 s. Overall, the patient’s blood work demonstrated no significant abnormalities. Tumor marker analysis revealed normal alpha-fetoprotein levels (2.80 ng/mL), elevated CEA levels (9.05 ng/mL), and normal CA19-9 levels (12.2 U/mL). Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (0.5 ng/mL) and prostate-specific antigen (0.702 ng/mL) remained within the normal ranges. Postoperative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed positive expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and intact mismatch repair (MMR) proteins.

Imaging examinations

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed transverse colon wall thickening and regional lymphadenopathy and identified a 9 cm mesenteric cystic mass, supporting the clinical diagnosis of transverse colon AC (Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4 Preoperative abdominal computed tomography image. A and B: The transverse colon wall and regional lymphadenopathy, correlating to a T3N1Mx stage, according to the 8^th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer cancer staging guidelines (orange arrow); C and D: A cystic formation approximately 9 cm in size was initially detected and interpreted as a mesenteric cyst; subsequent scrutiny ascertained it as an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (orange arrow).

Figure 5 Preoperative coronal 2D Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed a cystic structure measuring approximately 9 cm in the right mesentery. The imaging was conducted with a 1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet and a phased-array body coil. The patient was positioned supine, with the imaging parameters set to a field of view of 40 cm, a slice thickness of 6 mm, and an interslice gap of 1.5 mm. This lesion was subsequently identified as an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.

Further diagnostic work-up

Pathological examination of the transverse colon revealed a 35.0 cm segment harboring three ulcerative tumors invading the muscularis propria. Two of these tumors were well-differentiated, while the third showed only moderate differentiation. Metastasis was identified in only one of the 26 examined lymph nodes (pT3N1aMx, mpStage IIIB). IHC analysis confirmed epidermal growth factor receptor positivity (1+) and intact expression of MMR proteins, suggesting a low probability of microsatellite instability-high status.

Examination of the appendiceal lesion revealed a 10.6 cm × 4.0 cm × 3.3 cm LAMN filled with mucinous material (Figure 3F). The neoplasm was lined by tall columnar epithelial cells exhibiting low-grade dysplastic alterations, embedded within a fibrous stromal matrix. IHC markers profiling confirmed the LAMN diagnosis, showing positivity for homeobox protein CDX-2 (CDX2), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2), and mucin 2 (MUC2), and negativity for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and paired box gene 8 (PAX8), as detailed in Figure 6. LAMNs confined by the muscularis propria, such as in the present case, are classified as stage TisN0M0 according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) ninth edition.

Figure 6 Histological examination of the lesion revealing characteristic patterns. A: A 200 × magnification image showing slender villi lined by tall mucinous epithelial cells with low-grade dysplasia; B: A 400 × magnification image demonstrating tall mucinous epithelial cells with low-grade dysplasia, set within a fibrous stromal framework; C: Immunohistochemical staining displaying positive CDX2 expression in the villous cells; D: Immunohistochemical staining displaying positive CDX20 expression in the villous cells; E: Immunohistochemical staining displaying positive SATB2 expression in the villous cells; F: Immunohistochemical staining displaying positive MUC2 expression in the villous cells; G: Immunohistochemical staining showing the villous cells negative for CK7; H: Immunohistochemical staining showing the villous cells negative for PAX8.Collective histopathological and immunohistochemical findings indicate the lesion to be a low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm. The evaluation of surgical margins shows no neoplastic presence, indicating a clear disease-free status.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was finally diagnosed with transverse colon AC, classical subtype, with lymphovascular invasion (mpStage IIIB), and concurrent LAMN, stage TisN0M0.

TREATMENT

In the postoperative phase, the patient exhibited a favorable recovery, culminating in discharge on the seventh day following the surgical procedure. Four weeks after surgery, the patient commenced a chemotherapeutic regimen comprising folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

One month following surgery, the patient’s CEA levels presented a slight increase (7.81 ng/mL), albeit with a significant decrease compared to the initial reference point. Concurrent chest and abdominal radiographic evaluations showed no abnormalities, and the surgical wound exhibited satisfactory healing.

DISCUSSION

AMN is a relatively rare pathological condition characterized by the cystic dilation of the appendiceal lumen filled with mucinous content. Clinically, AMNs can present with various syndromes, or may be detected incidentally. Epidemiological data suggest that AMNs occur in approximately 0.2%-0.4% of appendectomy specimens and constitute 0.4%-1% of all gastrointestinal malignancies in the United States, with an estimated 1500 new cases each year[1-5].

Individuals with appendiceal tumors may present with non-specific clinical symptoms, leading to potential delays in diagnosis[6,7]. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms may resemble acute appendicitis, often manifesting as right lower quadrant pain, which can be attributed to mucin-induced distension of the appendix[8]. Complications such as appendicitis or perforation of the appendix can occur if the neoplasm obstructs the appendiceal lumen. A previous study reported that 32% of patients with appendiceal neoplasms are preliminarily diagnosed with acute appendicitis before surgery, and in 23% of cases, the diagnosis is incidental[9].

In the advanced stages of the disease, patients may exhibit increased abdominal girth, often due to the accumulation of mucinous ascitic fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Other clinical features at this stage may include chronic abdominal pain, significant weight loss, anemia, infertility, and the development of umbilical or inguinal hernias[6,10]. Although mucinous implants are frequently found on peritoneal, serosal, and omental layers, the initial presentation involving intestinal obstruction is uncommon[11,12].

Preoperative diagnosis of appendiceal mucoceles poses significant challenges owing to its typically asymptomatic nature and non-specific clinical manifestations. Diagnostic imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and CT, are commonly used to detect these lesions. CT scans are particularly useful, often revealing well-circumscribed, round, cystic lesions with thin walls; in addition, calcifications are observed in approximately 55% of instances[13,14]. Enhanced nodules within the mucocele wall suggest cystadenocarcinoma[15]. Mucoceles < 2 cm rarely exhibit malignant features[16-18], whereas those < 6 cm are frequently associated with cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma, carrying a perforation risk of approximately 20%[19-21]. CT may also show scalloping effects, indicative of malignancy, resulting from mucin-secreting cells adhering to static areas within the gut lumen that are later dislodged by peristalsis. Ultrasound can provide additional insights, sometimes showing a cystic structure adherent to the cecum with an “onion skin” pattern. Colonoscopy offers supplementary diagnostic insights, occasionally identifying a submucosal mass with a yellowish hue over the cecum[20]. Rarely, the “volcano sign”-describing an appendiceal orifice centered within the mass-can be observed[16,21]. Despite these diagnostic tools, a precise preoperative diagnosis is confirmed in only approximately 30% of the patients. Comprehensive evaluation is imperative for individuals diagnosed with appendiceal mucocele to rule out synchronous neoplastic conditions[16].

Historically, the taxonomy of appendiceal ACs has been debated, yielding disparate conclusions. The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International consensus provides a classification system for appendiceal and peritoneal lesions[22-24]. Appendiceal mucinous lesions are histologically categorized as non-neoplastic or neoplastic epithelial lesions. The neoplastic forms can be further subdivided into serrated polyps, hyperplastic polyps, LAMNs, high-grade AMNs, and mucinous ACs. An accurate histopathological analysis of the entire appendiceal specimen is critical to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Specifically, the identification of epithelial invasion within the appendiceal wall is pivotal for distinguishing ACs from other mucinous lesions. The presence of this key histological indicator can be challenging to ascertain as overt invasion may not be evident and may instead present as fibrotic attenuation of the mural layers, with or without mucin penetration. Current classification systems for these neoplastic lesions take into account the histological appearance of the epithelial layer and the pattern of involvement of the appendiceal wall[9,22].

In the realm of AMNs, the TNM classification system delineated by the AJCC serves as a preliminary framework for staging. This system involves methodical evaluation of the dimensions and invasion depth of the primary tumor, the extent of lymph node involvement, presence of distant metastasis, and histological grade[25]. Distinctions in survival rates are apparent when comparing non-mucinous tumors with mucinous histology.

In a previous study, in the cohort with non-mucinous histologic types, 5-year survival rates were 90.34%, 87.97%, 75.47%, and 59.84% for stages I, IIA, IIB, and IIC, respectively. Notably, patients with stages IIIA and IIIB disease exhibited more favorable prognoses, with 5-year survival rates of 82.02% and 64.07%, respectively. Conversely, the prognosis declined precipitously for patients with stage IVA, IVB, and IVC disease, with survival rates of only 34.84%, 23.50%, and 14.18%, respectively[26].

Despite the in-situ nature of the AMN, the possibility of metastasis must still be considered. In our case, the patient had coexisting transverse colon cancer, specifically the classical AC subtype, which virtually eliminated the possibility of a metastatic origin for the AMN. However, it is important to remember that colon tumors can exhibit a range of subtypes. Currently, four main subtypes are recognized: Classical AC, mucinous AC (MAC), signet-ring cell carcinoma, and mixed subtypes[27-29]. Of note, MAC may also develop in the colon, meaning that metastatic concerns should not be excluded. To date, no studies have yet reported a double tumor of MACs due to its rarity.

In contrast to patients with non-mucinous tumors, patients with mucinous and signet ring cell appendiceal cancers demonstrated a more systematic hierarchical order in 5-year overall survival rates when grouped by pathological stage. Specifically, individuals with mucinous histology at stage I had a 5-year survival rate of 92.80%, with a sequential decrease noted across advancing stages: 84.32% for stage IIA, 79.71% for stage IIB, 72.07% for stage IIC, 58.01% for stage IIIA to IIIC, 63.25% for stage IVA to IVB, and 46.81% for stage IVC[26]. Moreover, the survival metrics for patients presenting with signet ring cell histology were as follows: 86.67% for stage I, which decreased to 60.82% for stages IIA through IIIC, and markedly lower for stages IVA through IVB at 10.26%, with stage IVC disease showing a survival rate of 12.81%[26].

The management strategy for AMN is contingent upon the initial diagnostic findings, particularly the presence of perforation. A treatment algorithm for AMNs, as proposed by Govaerts et al[30] and Shaib et al[31], is depicted in Figure 7. Appendectomy is generally prescribed for straightforward mucoceles. To rule out mucinous AC, histopathological evaluation of frozen sections of the appendiceal base is recommended[18,30]. In cases of mucinous AC without perforation and mesenteric lymph node involvement or encroachment on surrounding tissues, a simple appendectomy coupled with mesenteric excision is often deemed adequate[30,31]. In contrast, in instances where diagnostic ambiguity prevails, a more aggressive surgical approach, such as cecal resection, right hemicolectomy, or cytoreductive surgery, may be recommended[31]. A thorough abdominal assessment is considered crucial for all patients undergoing surgical treatment for AMN[18,30-32].

Figure 7 Treatment recommendations for appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (adapted from Govaerts et al[30] and Shaib et al[31]). LAMN: Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm; AMN: Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm; HAMN: High-grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm.

Surgical excision of benign mucocele, mucosal hyperplasia, and mucinous AC typically results in excellent outcomes, with 5-year survival rates reported ranging between 90% and 100%[18,26]. The development of recurrent disease following resection, such as PMP or metachronous colonic carcinoma, is a relatively rare event[18]. Likewise, mucinous AC that remain localized in the appendix and have not invaded the base or adjacent organs are associated with highly favorable prognoses. Nevertheless, in cases with peritoneal spread or PMP, the 5-year survival rates are significantly reduced, dropping to approximately 25%[13].

Postoperative histopathological assessment of AMN relies heavily on mucin detection. AMNs characteristically exhibit consistent positivity for CK20 in all cases (100%), with CK7 negativity in 71% of cases. Additionally, these neoplasms frequently express Mucin-5AC (86%) and deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4/Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (100%). It is worth noting that both colorectal carcinoma and appendiceal tumors typically present with a patchy CK7 and a diffuse CK20 staining pattern[33,34]. However, distinguishing primary ovarian mucinous tumors from AMNs that have metastasized to the ovary presents diagnostic difficulties owing to similarities in the morphological characteristics and IHC profiles of conventional markers. Strickland et al[35] suggested the utility of additional markers, including SATB2, CK20, MUC2, and PAX8, in the differential diagnosis. SATB2 is positive in 93.8% of appendiceal tumors and is rarely positive in ovarian tumors, demonstrating 97.5% specificity for the appendiceal origin. CK20, CDX2, and MUC2 are typically strongly and diffusely positive in appendiceal tumors, whereas ovarian tumors may exhibit positivity, but with a patchy distribution and less intensity. CK7 expression was observed in 97.5% of ovarian tumors compared to 31.2% of appendiceal tumors. PAX8 is positive in 70% of ovarian tumors but is consistently negative in appendiceal tumors. These markers are recommended as markers for the evaluation of ovarian mucinous tumors, particularly when clinical or pathological indications suggest a secondary origin.

Our case serves as a pertinent example of the diagnostic intricacies associated with AMNs and underscores the importance of their consideration in differential diagnoses, especially when a right adnexal or mesenteric mass is detected via imaging. Initially, the rarity of AMNs led to the misinterpretation of the cystic fluid observed on CT and MRI as a simple cyst, inadvertently posing the risk of PMP. Furthermore, the patient's elevated tumor marker levels and gastrointestinal symptoms could have been erroneously ascribed to primary AC. Overall, this case highlights the critical clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic conundrums posed by AMNs, emphasizing the need for increased clinical vigilance to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure optimal treatment strategies, particularly in individuals undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

The histopathological evaluation of the tumor in the present case demonstrated IHC positivity for CDX2, CK20, SATB2, and MUC2 and negativity for CK7 and PAX8, confirming the diagnosis of a LAMN. This immunoprofile is emblematic of neoplasms emanating from the appendiceal epithelium, providing a critical distinction between gastrointestinal and ovarian mucinous tumors that exhibit variant marker expression. As such, this case report details the innovative application of IHC analysis for the characterization of AMNs. While AMNs are relatively uncommon, accurate diagnosis and classification is critical for optimal patient management. Further, despite their clinical significance, the IHC properties of AMNs remain largely underreported in the literature. This lack of data poses a significant challenge for pathologists seeking definitive diagnoses and classifications for these neoplasms. Our report presents valuable confirmatory evidence for the IHC profile of AMN. Through a comprehensive analysis of IHC markers, we were able to definitively diagnose and classify AMN in our patient. This information played a pivotal role in guiding appropriate treatment decisions.

The strategic application of IHC analysis, as demonstrated in this case report, significantly enhances our ability to accurately identify the origin of and to classify neoplasms. This improved accuracy is crucial for optimal patient management, enabling more tailored and effective therapeutic decision-making. For example, given the shared features between AMNs and ovarian mucinous tumors, female patients with AMNs require a more thorough examination due to the high potential for association. For example, in such cases, SATB2 staining can be particularly helpful for diagnosing ovarian metastases of a LAMN[36]. Furthermore, this report contributes significantly to the development of a comprehensive database for future research endeavors. By providing confirmatory evidence of the IHC profile of AMNs, this report lays the basis for a deeper understanding of these neoplasms and the refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, IHC analysis offers a valuable tool for the characterization of AMNs. This case report highlights the innovative use of these techniques and underscores their potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and inform therapeutic decision-making. As we continue to accumulate data and build a comprehensive database, we will further refine our understanding of AMNs and develop more effective management strategies for patients with this rare but important disease.

CONCLUSION

AMNs, a heterogeneous group of tumors, are rarely diagnosed before elective surgery, while treatment is guided by both stage and histopathology. Early-stage, low-grade tumors typically require surgical excision, while the optimal management of high-grade tumors remains unclear and necessitates further clinical research. Current treatment options for advanced disease include cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, with preoperative chemotherapy potentially playing an adjunctive role. Although IHC examination is widely accepted as important for the pathological diagnosis of LAMN, and several novel markers have been proposed, it is crucial to remember that immunohistochemistry is not entirely specific and should not be solely relied upon for diagnosis. Clinical and imaging findings remain paramount in diagnosis and treatment decisions. Overall, the diverse treatment landscape for AMNs highlights the critical need for a more comprehensive understanding of this disease.